A Status on the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program free essay sample

Atone School of Government Master in Public Management Public Governance and the Bureaucracy The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program: Addressing poverty from the Ground up Introduction Even before the Spanish colonization of the Philippines in the 1 sass, lands in the Philippines have always been controlled by a few of families. The Dates and Sultans ruled over massive areas of lands, as power social status was dictated by the size of the land one owned and the number of slaves who worked on them. The arrival of the Spaniards set the formalization of a feudalistic management of these lands. Large Haciendas were established and control of these lands were given to the Spanish colonizers and the Filipino families who pledged their allegiance to the Spanish. Until the sass, the small Filipino farmers barely had any rights to the ownership and control of these lands. During the time of President Corcoran Aquinas, the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL) was passed through Republic Act 6657 in 1988. We will write a custom essay sample on A Status on the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Its primary purpose was the proper implementation of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP), moving the agriculture program away from feudalism towards modern industrialization and at the same time rumoring social Justice. During the time of President Gloria Arroyo, Executive Order 456 was passed to further expand the Agrarian Reform implementation in order to strengthen the economic and social impact of this reform to its target beneficiaries. 1 The Problem The implementation of the CARP never went smoothly. The redistribution of the land and the securing of land rights were the primary problems faced by those implementing the program. The large haciendas argued that the economic impact of the program would gravely affect the existing businesses within he lands, making it less viable for growth and http://www. Economically. Mom/agrarian/law/comprehensive. HTML Page 12 improvement. There are also socio-political consequences that will arise with the distribution of the lands to the farmers. With the distribution of the land being the main issue of the CARP, several proposals were presented by both parties the land owners and land beneficiaries, towards reaching an amenable solution. Some of the more p opular terms are Stock-Distribution Options (Sods) and Corporative Join- problems of Negroes island, one of the major areas in the country where the implementation of the Agrarian Reform Program has not been very successful. Negroes Island at a Glance The island of Negroes may be considered as one of the hotshots with regards to agrarian reform issues. The island is home to numerous haciendas, with land areas ranging from the low hundreds to thousands of hectares, all of which are owned by only a few families. Some of the more famous land owners from the island are Adding Conjunct who also has claims in the infamous Hacienda Lawsuit of Central Luzon, and the family of former Senator Rene Espies who owns the Polo plantation located primarily in Tanya. As early as the late sass, right after the signing of the CARL, some of the Negroes haciendas attempted to comply with the agrarian reform program. Land owners awarded multiple Certificate of Land Ownership Awards (COOL) and Emancipation Patents (PEP) to the land beneficiaries. It was also at this time that Stock-Distribution Options (SOD) were granted by other land owners. More than 20 years later, the agrarian reform situation in Negroes has barely changed it is even claimed by the land beneficiaries that some of them are worse now than they were before the implementation of the CARP. Farmers from the Polo plantations of Tanya have been fighting for their ownership rights over lands which were (are) still owned by the Sapiens. According to several news reports, numerous Colas of the land beneficiaries were cancelled by the CARP due to loopholes in the law. Areas of the Polo plantations, which were placed under an economic Page 13 zone status were said to be exempt from the CARP, thus disallowing the distribution of these lands to the beneficiaries. The sugar plantations of the Conjuncts, on the other hand, were barely touched and even expanded over the years. Just like the Hacienda Lawsuit farmers, the land beneficiaries of the Negroes sugar plantation were offered Sods instead of the land itself. It has been argued by many stakeholders that the Sods benefited the land owner more than the farmers themselves. There are also incidences of violence in the haciendas of Negroes. Hacienda Naval located in Himalayan, which is owned by the Javelin family, has had numerous confrontations between the land owner and the beneficiaries. It was reported that the private army of the Javelins has prevented the land beneficiaries from taking over the lands which were subjected to agrarian reform. The Goal and the Purpose of Agrarian Reform It has been established that the primary goal of the CARP is to ensure and promote the welfare of landless farmers and farm workers. Likewise, it can be deducted that the supplemental purpose of agrarian reform is the elevation of social Justice and equity, thus reducing social inequality and addressing the problem of structural poverty especially in the rural areas. In the case of Negroes Island, this has not yet been achieved and it would seem that they are no closer to it today than they were twenty years ago. Reform should produce is the proper distribution of land to the landless farmers by he land owners. It should be noted, however, that land distribution is not enough to alleviate the poverty issue. Page 14 Distribution of land should also include commensurate economic benefits to both land owners and land beneficiaries. Unlike physical goods which have a commensurate value when transferred, farm lands need investments and developments in order for it to become profitable. A piece of farmland, which has no support in terms of farming and tilling will never produce the same economic value as compared to one with existing facilities for farming. An example of this problem as faced by a hacienda in Adapting. With the implementation of CARP, the land owners were forced to distribute a large part of their land to their farmers. Since the region is stifled with conflicts, it was much safer for the land owners to release part of their lands than to fight over them. About forty percent of their land was distributed through the CARP and the land beneficiaries were grateful that there was barely any resistance from the family. Even with the loss of that land, the land owners barely felt the economic loss that resulted from the release of land as it was the untilled part f the farm lands which were distributed. Most of the crops (coconuts) were located in the central part of the hacienda, and these were not touched by the CARP. The land beneficiaries were awarded with land titles to areas of the hacienda which did not have adequate agricultural facilities such as roads and irrigation which are essential in farming. In the end, the beneficiaries were forced to re-sell the awarded lands to the original family and renegotiated to have them work again in the agenda, effectively returning the land back to its original owners. The land owners happily arched most of the land that was lost and it was easier for them to drop the prices due to the desperation of the land beneficiaries. Obviously, the land owners made a profit from the land that they once lost and now own again. There was no violation of the CARL since the prohibition in the transfer of lands has already passed when the beneficiaries sold back the lands that were awarded to them. And since the land which was returned was already subjected to CARP in the past, it is not covered anymore by the agrarian reform. The land owners benefited in the end, with the beneficiaries not receiving much from the land they sold. As mentioned earlier, it is important to look into the economic aspects of the land which will be subjected to agrarian reform. Since land owners already get compensated by the government with every piece of land emancipated from them, the land beneficiaries Page 15 should likewise be awarded the right piece of land which will provide them with the commensurate economic benefits. The distributing agency, in this case the Department of Agrarian Reform, should be wary of the needs of the land for it to goal and purpose of the CARP will be completed and both parties will happily benefit from it. Breaking down the Activities When addressing the proper implementation of the CARP, it is necessary to identify problem areas which need to be addressed. From the earlier discussions, the primary problem which was established is the equitable distribution of land, taking into consideration the economic and socio-political repercussions of these distributions. The primary activity needed for agrarian reform should be an in-depth inventory of the land that is qualified for distribution. Haciendas that are covered by the CARP should be carefully analyses, and land parcels be designated for distribution and emancipation. It is the Job of the DARK to do this inventory of hacienda lands. The DARK records right now would show which haciendas are subject to CARP, but the inventory with them barely has information on the economic viability of the land parcels. As mentioned several times, equitable distribution is essential for CARP to succeed. Aside from the land parcels which are to be distributed, the DARK also needs to identify who the real beneficiaries of these lands should be. Numerous incidents of false claims have been recorded by the DARK in the past twenty years which prompted many land owners to freeze the distribution f the lands. As reported in many reports, the freeze in the distribution of the land has resulted to violence and even death. The Polo plantation has reported cases of several groups of farmers who are claiming to be beneficiaries of the agrarian reform program, but dont have proper documentation to back their claims. This assembly of false claimants has deterred the distribution of several land parcels to the earlier identified land beneficiaries. Page 16 There is also the need for local governments to become more participatory, and if needed intervene for the proper implementation of CARP. The island of Negroes is a perfect example where local government as well as the local PEN need to have bigger participation in the reform. The earlier mentioned situation of Hacienda Naval, as well as that of Hacienda Kiwi in Hungarian, where land beneficiaries cannot take hold of the awarded land is due to the fact that the local government, the DARK and the PEN are not willing to spar with the land owners for socio-political implications. Just like the more famous Hacienda Lawsuit massacre, Negroes has also seen its share of bloodshed between the land owners and the beneficiaries. Hundreds of farmers and arm workers have lost their lives in their attempts to claim what was rightfully awarded to them by the CARP. Conclusions In one of the World Banks policy reports, it was stated that the precondition for land reform to be feasible and effective in improving beneficiaries livelihoods is that such programs fit into a broader policy aimed at reducing poverty and establishing a favorable environment for the development of productive smallholder agriculture by beneficiaries. (World Bank Report, 2003) In the case of directly improving the lives of the land beneficiaries, CARP has become a failure. It as resulted to more problems and anxiety among the stakeholders and violence became rampant. Contrary to what is being said in the news reports, even the land owners are receiving the short end of the stick. Certain land owners whose lands were subjected to emancipation became victims of undervaluation. Ghost beneficiaries are very rampant resulting to more lands being improperly distributed. There are also reports that the agency tasked to implement the CARP, the Department of Agrarian Reform, is involved in the improper distribution of lands by installing farmer-beneficiaries who are not workers of the plantations. GE 17 The land beneficiaries plight isnt any easier either. It cant be stressed enough that the obligation of the government does not stop with the distribution of the land alone. Alternative distribution schemes such as Stock Distribution Options and Corporative ventures are not viable solutions to the distribution issue. These alternatives defeat the original goal o f agrarian reform which is to promote the welfare of landless farmers and farm workers. Without a land that they can call their own, there can never be social Justice and equity. What good is a farmer when he has no land to farm? The government, in this case the DARK and the local governments in Negroes island, are at fault by allowing the land beneficiaries to face the farming problems on their own. In order for Agrarian reform to be successful, there has to be major investments in the economic capacity building of the land. Supporting institutions such as farmers cooperatives, infrastructure like farm to market roads and irrigation, and farmer-friendly loan facilities are needed for a farmer to start from the ground up. We should remember that the previous land owners have no other obligation to the beneficiaries once the land is distributed. Finally, there is the deed to look into the bureaucratic culture of those tasked to implement the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program. The Department of Agrarian Reform, the Local Government Units, the Philippine National Police, and other agencies should be made more accountable of their actions in the implementation of the CARP. There have been proposals to have the CARP extended by a few more years, and even some as radical as extending it indefinitely until they achieve one hundred percent compliance. I dont believe that there is further need for any of those. The 1987 Constitution states that the State shall promote a Just and dynamic social order that ill ensure the prosperity and independence of the nation and free the people from poverty through policies that provide adequate social services, promote full employment, a rising standard of living, and an improved quality of life for all, and more importantly, the State shall promote comprehensive rural development and agrarian reform.

Long Term and Short Term Goals: A Comprehensive Essay Sample

Long Term and Short Term Goals: A Comprehensive Essay SampleIf you are going to write an essay, it is wise to include a discussion of both short and long term goals. The essay that does not give attention to both goals will probably be less than satisfactory.The essay should provide the student with the motivation to write the essay. It is also important to describe the topic as briefly as possible. After all, it is impossible to cover every topic in one essay. The students are more likely to enjoy your essay if they are able to look at it without thinking of a question about it.Most students are very interested in learning about long-term goals, especially if they are not confident about what they will do once their degrees are awarded. In addition, the prospect of having a good job with benefits is enough to motivate them to continue the education process.Students are interested in future employment, and the thoughts about this need to be included in the essay. As long as these goa ls are only short term goals, they can be accomplished quickly. The next thing they will think about is finding a job that allows them to pay off their debts or giving away some of their possessions.After long term and short term goals are covered, then students can move on to analyzing the goals. Analyzing these goals is crucial because they are much more important. They provide a road map to the student's success, and they help the students determine where they want to be in five years or ten years.A student's goals should include how many students are in his or her class, how many classes they take each semester, and how many classes they will need to complete before graduation. The goal should also include how many times each year the student wishes to meet with the professor, and how often the student wants to attend class. This includes if the student will be required to attend classes on weekends or holidays.If the student's parents are living in another state, he or she shou ld learn about the university or college. Then the student should write an essay about why he or she feels strongly about a certain policy or organization. The essay needs to be written as if the student was talking directly to the readers.The students who write a good essay about both long term and short term goals are going to give the students an enjoyable and enlightening experience. Moreover, the student will learn that there are many resources available that will help him or her get the desired degree. The essay that does not include both goals is not a complete essay.

Management and workbook process free essay sample

Discuss the management control system in the Patagonia Company. Explain and discuss the nature, context, evolution, elements, processes, strengths, weaknesses/problems of the management control system at Patagonia (including a critical evaluation of the Workbook Process). What makes Patagonia different from many corporate organisations? Everything! Patagonia is a very successful business that has grown at a sensational pace. What is interesting about Patagonia is that the founder’s motivation was never solely about making money, profits and relaying hefty bottom lines. Other things mattered too! The company is very much driven by a culture. This collaborative eco friendly and holistic culture has been created and nurtured by Yvon Chouinard, his wife Malinda and their team. â€Å"Make the best quality product and cause no excess harm† defined the essence of their motivation as relayed by Yvon at the 1996 Corporate Citizenship hosted by President Clinton. (Merchant, Kenneth A. /Van der Stede, Wim A. We will write a custom essay sample on Management and workbook process or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page / 2007, pg 380) This level of ‘quality’ would filter throughout the flat organisation. The notion of quality would not only define the nature of the goods sold but would however define all aspects of the companies endeavours including how they treated their staff, their stakeholders and our planet earth. How measurable is quality when you account for not only goods but people, their behaviour and their interaction with their external environment? Patagonia evolved in 1957 selling climbing gear made by Yvon in his blacksmith shop. The company began to sell quality outdoor clothes in the 1960’s and in the 70’s the business rapidly developed having become renowned for their innovation in outdoor materials. The business grew organically surprisingly without a focus on wealth accumulation for its founders. It was all about the product, design, process and how each interacted with the environment and all stakeholders involved. Yvon and his wife decided to donate huge amounts of the company’s earnings to environmental causes. Patagonia’s people were like minded. Yvon became increasingly concerned about the preservation of our natural environment and this would become ingrained in Patagonia’s culture. Life as an employee at Patagonia offered a relaxed, open, friendly and holistic community spirit. People were invited to dress ultra casually, enjoy healthy foods at low cost, work flexi hours, avail of onsite childcare facilities and in turn people would work in harmony, be goal congruent and deliver the companies objectives. Although in the beginning there was no formal management control process based on financial objectives the strategic objective was always clear – Quality in all that they do and how they do it! Demand always exceeded supply in the earlier decades so financial measurement control was not considered important as there was a constant supply of money. Control was people orientated and behavioural in nature. There was little bureaucracy and an open system was encouraged. Senior management shared the same office space as everyone else and people were encouraged to participate, ask questions and provide feedback. There were frequent fortnightly open forums held by management where staff could participate. Everybody was valued and people were expected to contribute. The company delivered an incentive scheme and rewarded staff with pooled retained profits. On one incident the employees rejected and returned an $80,000 bonus scheme as they felt the distribution of it was unfair. The company did admit to having difficulty with measuring rewards in line with performance as so much of the company’s objectives were not financial in nature and therefore more difficult to measure. The temporary slump in sales in the early 1990’s prompted a new focus on the bottom line. The managers of Patagonia used personal controls to rectify the problem. Hiring professional managers with the expertise in financial control was required. The company was in the midst of a recession, with more competitors and employees who were frivolous with their expense accounts. In recruiting the professionals the control of the organisation would now move from cultural to a more personal centralised control. The decisions were being made at the top something which was very new at Patagonia. The staffs were left feeling disengaged with the process and after losing 20% of their co workers morale was very low. The open book management style grew from this. The Workbook Process was a control mechanism that involved intense collaboration laterally and vertically within the organisation. Financial information would now be made available to everyone in order to encourage fluidity and understanding of the business. People would be adequately trained so as to understand the information and in turn offer participation and suggestion. The process would have significant cost and time implications but Yvon and Melinda supported the ethos on which it was founded – an open model that would reinforce their culture and encourage synergetic performance. Managers hoped that employees would better understand their own position within the company, increase their awareness in relation to other sub systems and ultimately they would become part of the process hence determining their own destiny and success. Each group participated in an 11 step workbook process which involved for example identifying objectives and missions, interrelations with other sub systems (each with their own cost centre), quantifying and prioritising objectives, feedback systems, budget worksheets, other group priorities etc. The Workbook Process was very detailed in nature and it appeared to involve a huge amount of time. Most employees felt that the process was worthwhile in that it allowed people to bond; it optimised better solutions for the company. These were significant strengths and would suggest that the process was in fact progressive. Would additional control supports or tweaking help? The predominant weaknesses of the process were poor deliverance of financial information i. e. 1 to 2 months behind and a proportion of people refused to engage with the process. They found it tedious. It was not supported by a number of managers also. This caused concern for the other managers. How could The Workbook System be further supported in order to reinforce the benefits and gain further participation from all staff members? Perhaps an incentive scheme with rewards and sanctions would work? Maybe further training was needed? Perhaps stringent budgetary controls were needed? Would you recommend to Patagonia’s management that they continue with or discontinue the Workbook process? Explain your reasons and make recommendations for any changes needed. (Whether to enhance the existing process or to replace it)? If you recommend continuing the process, what would you replace it with? ) A management control system stems from organisations objectives. There is goal ambiguity and conflict in Patagonia. The goals of Patagonia did not include rapid growth similar to most corporations. Patagonia’s goal is the integrity and staying true to their cause. The exploitation of the marketplace was not an option. Yvon’s reasoning for staying in business was in order to make money to attribute to environmental causes. There were other elements high quality and the idea of the man in the wilderness versus the corporate. Therein lies the problem the application of a management control system depends on, is it desirable is it feasible, how you are going to do it and can the results be interpreted. The Work book process or otherwise known as an open book management assumes a relaxed pose. This control mechanism is suited to Patagonia’s culture. However the implementation of this management style is anything but relaxed. The workbook process involves extremely detailed planning, budget and reporting system. These are used to monitor the plans, activities and performance. This is only possible with the co-operation of the entire organisation. The use of pre action reviews and results control has proven beneficial in the financial areas. However in an organisation where there are multiple purposes this leads to difficulty. If Patagonia’s main objective was to maximise profit there would be a clear measure of success. However this is not the case. Environment impacts over time are very difficult to quantify. The workbook process has its advantages and is clearly successful in some business units. Two thirds of the managers are happy with the process. Initially the open book management technique addressed the problem which arrived with the professional managers. The people of Patagonia where similar to Yvon and held a â€Å"contempt for conventional business†. As Yvon and his wife were not happy with the new formal management, it was to be expected staff members would have their issues. The tone at the top has a huge influence. The workbook process facilitates planning in advance. Planning or decision making takes a look at the longer term rather than just the day to day. Through coordination of all different levels and other business units it encourages a combined effort towards the goal. The workbook process can detect problems before they happen. This is a proactive approach rather than waiting for something to go wrong before you react. There are however a number of criticisms of the process. The corporations outlined nine specific goals for the fiscal year 96. These included product design, distribution, operations, environment and personal/training. The workbook process had proven to be successful in establishing whether some objectives had been achieved. However it highlighted the difficulty in judging environment, quality and distribution objectives. These issues have been established a critical success factors for Patagonia, and yet the management control system is unable to evaluate their performance. An evaluation of the benefit versus the cost of the system needs to be addressed. The design is very complex and time consuming. The level of planning and number of meetings needed to discuss the plans leaves very little time for actually doing anything. The third of the organisation which is not content with the formality of the process have been identified as the creative ones. This is not surprising the process is stifling and this is not an atmosphere which promotes innovation. If anything it encourages people to just do what is in the plan and nothing else. There is another issue which has already has been identified as a positive aspect however has negative implications also. The tightness of the pre action reviews in relation to budget. The expense accounts were previously issues for concern. However the frequency and elements which have to be documented seem overbearing. The business units are only allowed spend if senior managers have preapproved the decision. The workbook process was established to give employees more empowerment. This however is certainly not the case in relation to spending money. There is also evidence of tightness in cultural control. The manager of logistics stated that in achieving all of their objectives, there was a feeling of pride. This is akin to someone working for a small business. There is no mention of personal gain. This is not a criticism of her attitude; it is of the work process. There were no incentives aligned to the objectives. The profit sharing plan that was introduced was not based on merit; it was just allocated in equal percentages of base salaries. On the basis of this evaluation we would recommend that Patagonia discontinues the Workbook Process. The process has served its purpose. It has educated the employees in the â€Å"how the company works and how their jobs interface with others†. A control system is applied to ensure that an organisation’s strategy is implemented. This is not the case. The workbook process is focused on the short term. In looking back all the time there is no attention to the objectives which are key to future success. A value driver is an objective which can indicate future success. Examples include product design, quality and customer service. These are all qualities valued by Patagonia. The time and effort to keep this in process in operation is too costly. The staffs are only partially commited which is causing complications. The level of training required is exhaustive. There are people who are not financially minded regardless of how much training they receive. When an organisation focuses all its efforts on financial results, the things that can’t be measured are neglected. Therefore a â€Å"combination of measures† is a much more viable option. To replace the workbook process we would recommend the balanced scorecard. This focuses on financial but also the non financial contributors to success of an organisation. The objectives would be set in relation to the different business units. Production and distribution would have quality and efficiency objectives. RD would be responsible for innovation. HR would look after the quality of life for the employees. Public responsibility would be positioned in the top four as it is inherent within the organisation. This process would be costly to implement. Therefore if it was applied on a group context it may be easier to be the costs down. This would also create co workers monitoring each other’s performance. There would also be the incentive to gain owner ship shares. In measuring shareholder value creation instead of accounting income this would be very beneficial in the long term. This would create an ethos for those who are not loyal to the culture of the organisation already to treat it as their own. This form of measurement would be flexible to change. As the employees have adapted to being involved in the planning of objectives their input would continue to be recognised. The use of pre action reviews would still be in place for large investments. A database warehouse would solve the environmental focus of the legal team and investment in software for tracking inventory.

What made him write An Inspector Calls and why set it before World War One Essay Example

What made him write An Inspector Calls and why set it before World War One Essay Example What made him write An Inspector Calls and why set it before World War One Essay What made him write An Inspector Calls and why set it before World War One Essay Essay Topic: Literature If men will not learn that lesson, they will be taught it in fire and blood and anguish. This is an extremely powerful quotation that the Inspector leaves us with. Without a doubt these words are very true. In 1914 World War One began and all this fire, blood and anguish became reality. Britain had entered a four-year war that would have an unimaginable effect on her people. Thousands of towns, cities, homes and businesses were destroyed. Millions of people, men the majority, died horrific deaths. Limbs blown off in explosions, bodies burnt alive in scorching heat, shells blasting, bombs lighting up the dark night, poison gas smothering trenches trapping screaming victims below its green deadly surface. One can only imagine the pain, agony and shear devastation and lost of human life. The war ended in 1918 and much of Europe including England was left destroyed. For people like Mr. Birling it was time to rethink. Is it every man for himself? Is community nonsense? This could be one function of the Inspector; to get the Birlings, especially Mr. Birling, to care for others and accept responsibility before it is too late. Only twenty-one years later in 1939 another war broke out in Europe. World War Two lasted for six years, an extra two years of fighting the enemy. In 1945 the war ended. In that same year An Inspector Calls, the play that I will be analysing was written. John Boynton Priestley the author set his play in 1912, before these terrifying events. This is very significant in order for his play to work effectively, as the themes included in the play are one way or another, directly related to this time and the years and events that will follow. An Inspector Calls covers very clearly a variety of different themes and ideas that Priestley is concerned about in society. He uses the Inspector as the main character, or one could say a tool, to express these themes and ideas to the audience. The sort of ideas Priestley is concerned about in society and is trying to show are the aspects of: responsibility, community, lies and truth, honesty and self-deception, equality, social snobbery and double standards. I will be covering these aspects and indeed many more as I progress through this assignment. What inspired Priestley? What made him write An Inspector Calls and why set it before World War One? The answer lies in his life before the year of 1945. To answer these questions we must first establish and be aware of the following background information. The Edwardian times seemed to be a very exciting and secure time for Britain and many of her people. She was quickly advancing in industry and technology. Her armed forces were also growing and obviously she was extremely wealthy. For the people living in the upper class society times were good however millions were not having such a good time. For the millions struggling there seemed to be no hope, there was no legislation to save workers from exploitation which of course was occurring in factories all over the country and no Welfare State to support these living such a poor life if times were very bad. The Inspector (Priestley in one sense) could see that this is not the right sort of society and that it had to change otherwise severe consequences would follow. The play is based around this Edwardian society and the Inspector tries his best to cover these important issues and express them to the Birlings in order to make them see what it is like for the other people, not just their breed. Priestley was born into a middle class family and did not suffer like the lower classes, however, this doesnt necessarily mean he did not know what was going on or how these people felt. Priestley as a young man spent four years on the battlefield fighting against the Nazi enemy in World War One. During this war Priestley on numerous occasions, narrowly escaped death, this period in his life allowed him to look at life differently and without a doubt he was directly influenced by these experiences. These four years were the platform which he could build upon. Now with his ideas Priestley needed a suitable date to set his play, the most appropriate date was the year 1912. By specifically choosing to write An Inspector Calls after World War Two and by including the material he has done and indeed the Inspector, Priestley could very effectively attract and hold his audience, as many of them felt the way he did and had lived through the wars and shared his experiences. As a result of the wars everyone was brought together. Everyone united as one country and worked together to defeat the Nazis. The children were brought together by evacuations, the women working in factories to produce uniforms and war goods for their men were brought together and of course the men on the battlefields fighting together managed to build a strong relationship among themselves. As a direct result everyone learnt to look after one another and to care for each other, reflecting the fact that; We are all members of one body. as the Inspector would say. The audience now more aware could look at certain characters i. e. Birling and see how wrong he actually is. How does the Inspector represent and present Priestleys central themes or ideas could one say? First I shall establish what Priestleys central themes actually are. His central ideas are the aspects of: responsibilities the responsibilities people can and cannot accept, personally and socially; community the environment people are living in and how it affects them; lies and truth can certain people tell lies and get away with them easily and how some people can tell constant lies whilst some cannot even tell one; honesty and self-deception can people be honest or indeed cannot, if so how can they without being affected in any way, how can they deceive themselves; equality and social snobbery why do some people believe they are superior to others and party; double standards how and why do the men act differently and have different rights than the women and why are they considered less affected by bad news. Mr. Birling believes that a man should make his own way in life, stands on his own two feet and should only look after himself and his family. He says; a man has to make his own way has to look after himself and his family too, of course community and all that nonsense a man has to mind his own business and look after himself and his own-. This quotation clearly expresses Birlings feelings about community, he believes its nonsense, and he doesnt seem to care for others, only blood relatives and his wife. The audience now looking back to this attitude may well have thought like that before the war but probably have a totally different view after. The Inspector arrives and talks about community, he somehow manages to predict (hence his name Goole supernatural quality) the future and so his view on community is just like the audiences only that he is in the year 1912 whilst the audience are in the year 1945. This is an example of forward thinking and because many members of the audience felt like Priestley he could try to persuade them to take his point of view. This is a very good example of a deliberate attempt made by Priestley to get the audience thinking about this attitude of Birlings and the past, maybe even Priestley himself thought like this before the experiences of the wars. Priestly enables the audience to use their hindsight to reject Birlings opinions because Priestley has made Birling say the Titanic would not sink; the titanic and unsinkable, absolutely unsinkable, and there would not be a war Nobody wants war theres too much at stake these days nothing to gain by war, and we as the audience know he is wrong on this, we therefore also reject his other views and thus accept the Inspectors point of view as a result. Mrs. Birling is another example of someone who will not admit personal responsibilities. She clearly does not want to accept any responsibility for the death of Eva Smith. A quote that shows this; father of the child, its his responsibility. We can clearly see that Mrs. Birling is trying to blame the death onto someone else and we begin to gather an image of this woman in our imagination. Another quote that backs up this view is; I accept no blame for it at all. Again Mrs. Birling is refusing responsibility. The audience know that everyone is responsible for one another because they have been shown this through the Inspectors comments. The Inspector talks about social responsibilities. Although Eric and Sheila do show signs of this the Inspector is the one who stands out the most. He says just before he leaves; One Eva Smith is gone but there are millions more Eva Smiths and John Smiths all intertwined with our lives We are all members of one body what we do affects others. This quotation is very important. The Inspector says these words because he is very aware of the fact that war will occur in the future which will cause the people no matter what position in society or class to come together, everyone will be responsible for one other, there will be no superior individuals. The audience will most certainly agree with the comment as they too just like Priestly have lived through the wars and are very much aware of the changes that are going to happen. The upper class community at the time was very formal. There were successful businessmen and their very snobby wives who were totally dependent on their husbands business. There were frequent dinner parties where these upper class people met, and obviously their conversations were dominated by business. The Inspector enters on the stage during one of these parties. The upper class people were very shocked to find out if someone in their community misbehaved; it was more likely to be a lower class person who did so. Mrs. Birling shows this when she discovers that someone she thought was a respectful citizen actually frequently abuses young women, she says; (staggered) well, really! Alderman Meggarty I must say, we are learning something tonight. This quotation with the direction staggered shows that Mrs. Birling is clearly shocked and amazed that this man is carrying out these activities on young women and also she is ignorant of the activities that are happening in the upper class society. Imagine the Inspector being a sharp object i. e. a pin and the Birlings are being protected by an invisible shield i. e. a bubble that only contains ignorance and what ever they want it to contain, the Inspector pops this bubble and the truth about the world rushes in. The Birlings are pretty much so protected from the terrible world and the Inspector is pouring these terrible facts onto them, exposing them. This could be another function; to present the facts to the Birlings, to make them see the truth about the real world and so learn from what they are doing. The Inspector manages to expose some of the characters double standards, Mrs. Birling being a good example. She says to her daughter Sheila; Girls of that class in response to an opinion of Sheilas, one which shows signs of sympathy towards Eva. Mrs. Birling also says; .. As if a girl of that sort would ever refuse money! in response to one of the questions the Inspector asks, showing that Mrs. Birling is an upper class snob who could not possibly have feelings or consideration for other classes of people. She believes she is so much better and more superior to others, she is totally stuck up, mocking others from her over hanging, protective bubble. When the war ended especially the First World War everyone including people like Mrs. Birling, were refreshed i. e. reminded that humans are one species and there is no reason why some of them should feel or believe that they are more superior to others. The war if you like was a warning or indication of some sort from somebody and was a deliberate event to make society realise what it has become. Another function of the Inspector is to try to warn the Birlings that if society will not change then war will follow. Priestley himself is using the Inspector as a tool to do this. Each character in the play has an individual personality and of course their personal view on different matters will be very different from others, in one sense each of the Birlings can represent each member of an upper class society. Some characters tell lies whilst others admit the truth straight away. In my view Eric and Sheila are very alike and are the sort of people who would admit to the truth straight away with no hesitation although Sheila is more honest. Gerald and Mr. and Mrs. Birling seem to me to be a little more difficult to get the truth out of. The Inspector very cunningly manages to get a confession or something with significance out of all the characters one way or another, for example he leaves Sheila and Gerald to talk alone whilst he is listening to the conversation and waiting for that key confession. Sheila and Mr. Birling say their part in the role of Eva Smiths death with little persuasion, although Mr. Birling needs to be convinced occasionally. Quotes that show the characters lying, telling the truth, being honest or being deceiving are (Gerald lying); And I have already told you I was awfully busy at the works all that time. We later discover that Gerald was actually having an affair not working at his works. Gerald clearly is feeling nothing when he says this even though he is lying to his fiance and deceiving himself. Sheila shows honesty and responsibility when she confesses that she got Eva Smith sacked from Milwards. She does not hesitate and takes responsibility for her role in the death of Eva Smith. The quotes that show her honesty is when she says; (miserably) so I am really responsible? this quotation is showing that Sheila is felling guilt for her participation in the death of Eva Smith. Also; Im trying to tell the truth. This quotation is showing that Sheila is someone who is honest, kind and caring unlike her mother. The Inspector has in one way done a good thing by introducing this news, he has made the Birlings, Sheila in particular, realise that things terrible do happen, for example the suicide of Eva Smith, and if you have been responsible somehow then you should accept the consequences that await. Sheila explains what happened freely, and throughout she shows signs of guilt. Sheila is an honest person unlike her fiance Gerald who needs persuasion to admit his role in the death. Mr. Birling being a businessman like Gerald has similar opinions (these two characters represent all upper class businessmen) and so when the Inspector and Eric try to make Mr. Birling feel responsible he obviously tries to blame it onto the girl and Gerald backs him up. The quote that shows this is when he says; Rubbish! If you dont come down on some of this people they will soon be asking for the earth. Gerald replies I should think so! These quotations show that Mr Birlings honest opinion is to be tough and harsh to the employees if they ask for more so that you do not show weakness. It also shows that he feels strongly about this as he has used said this view in a loud manor (exclamation mark shows this). Is this view wrong? Should he be saying this? Priestley is trying to get the audience thinking about these aspects he is concerned about and he uses the Inspector or numerous occasions very effectively to get these views out of the characters. Mrs. Birling as I mentioned before doesnt want to accept responsibility for Eva Smiths death. When the Inspector asks her questions, she could be considered a liar as she says; Ive done nothing wrong and you know it. Mrs. Birling has done something wrong however she cannot admit it this quotation is showing that she is in fact lying. The Inspector is using what the characters have done in the past to question against them and to see how much they can tolerate, he in one way winds them up by going against what they think is right. There are frequent examples throughout this play that show that the men are more able to accept bad news. Mr. Birling and his wife try to protect their young daughter from the suicide on numerous occasions one such occasion is when Mr. Birling says to the Inspector; (angrily) there is not the slightest reason why my daughter should be brought into this unpleasant business. Mr. Birling does not want his daughter to be exposed to the horrible truth of life, at least not at the moment. Again there are examples throughout the play that show that the men are more likely to have a sexual relationship before marriage and it is considered natural, unlike for the upper class women who are not allowed or presumed not too. Priestley doesnt believe that women should be protected we can tell this because he uses the Inspector who says in affect that there is no reason why Sheila should not hear the truth. He says to Sheila when Mr. Birling tells her to run along; No, wait a minute Miss Birling, in other words he wants Sheila to be involved in the conversation.

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