Ch notes

Indians and Africans) b) Factors that hindered unity among the Europeans in America 1. Puritans carved tight, pious, and relatively democratic communities of small family farms A homogeneous world compared to most southern colonies 2. Anglicans built plantations along the coast Where they lorded over a labor force of black slaves Looked down upon the poor white farmers who settled the backcountry 3. Diversity reigned in middle colonies Well-to-do merchants put their stamp on New York City In the countryside sprawling estates were interspersed with modest homesteads 4.Within Individual colonies, conflicts festered over economic Interests, ethnic rivalries, ND religious practices 5. All the clashes made it difficult for colonists to imagine that they were a single people with a common density c) General issues that led colonists to rebel against Brittany 1. The stable arrangement between the colonists and Brittany began to crumble, a victim of the Imperial rivalry between France and Br ittany 2. Once the French were driven from the North American continent, the colonists no longer needed the British for protection 3.The British government made the choice of imposing taxes on colonies that had been accustomed to answering mainly to their win colonial assemblies 4. Issues of taxation, self-rule, and trade restrictions brought the crisis of Imperial authority to a head II. The Shaping of North America: Major geographical features and the importance of the Great Ice Age a) The Rockies, the Sierra Nevada, and Coast Ranges – â€Å"American Mountains† b) The continent was anchored In its Northeastern corner by the massive Canadian Shield c) The â€Å"tidewater† region creased by many river valleys. Loped gently upward to the timeworn ridges of the Appalachians d) â€Å"Roof of America† – the land fell off Jaggedly onto the intermediation Great Basin e) The valleys of Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers and the Willamette- Peugeot Sound tr ough seamed the Interiors of present-day California, Oregon, and Washington f) When the glaciers finally retreated, they left the North American landscape transformed g) The weight of the ice mantle had depressed the level of the Canadian Shield h) The melting ice had scoured away the shield's topsoil, pitting its rocky surface with thousands of shallow depressions into which the melting glaciers flowed to form lakes l) Deprived of both Inflow and ranging, the giant lake became a gradually shrinking Inland sea. It grew Increasingly saline, slowly evaporated, and left an arid, mineral-rich desert Ill. Peopling the FIFO a) How the ancestors of the American Indians Journeyed to America and why 1 .Some Early peoples may have reached the Americas in crude boats but most probably came by land 2. As the sea level dropped, it exposed a land bridge connecting Eurasia with North America 3. Probably following migratory herds of game, ventured small bands of nomadic Asian hunters b) Evidence th at Indians of Central and South America were advanced 1 . Over the centuries they split into countless tribes, evolved more than 2,000 separate languages, and developed many diverse religions, cultures, and ways of life 2. Their advanced agricultural practices, based primarily on the cultivation of maize 3. These peoples built elaborate cities and carried on far-flung commerce 4.Talented mathematicians, they made strikingly accurate astronomical observations 5. The Aztec sought the favor of the gods by offering human sacrifices Cutting out the hearts of he chests of living victims, who were often captives conquered in battle IV. The Earliest Americans a) Agriculture, especially corn growing, accounted for the size and sophistication of the Native American civilizations in Mexico and South America b) The Nazis built an elaborate pueblo of more than six hundred interconnected rooms c) Maize, strains of beans, and squash made possible â€Å"three-sister† farming, with beans grow ing on the trellis of cornstalks and squash covering the planting mounds to retain moisture in the soil 1 .This produced some of the highest population densities on the continent d) In the northeastern woodlands, the Iroquois Confederacy plopped the political and organizational skills to sustain a robust military alliance that menaced its neighbors e) The native peoples of North America were living in small, scattered, and impermanent settlements f) Women tended to the crops, while men hunted, fished, gathered fuel, and cleared fields for planting g) The Native Americans had neither the desire nor the means to manipulate nature aggressively, they revered the physical world and endowed nature with spiritual properties V. Indirect Discoverers of the New World a) Probably the first Europeans to â€Å"discover† America Blond-bearded Norse seafarers room Scandinavia, who had chanced upon the northeastern shoulder of North America – however, no strong nation-state, yearning to expand, supported these venturesome voyagers. Their flimsy settlements consequently were soon abandoned, and their discovery was forgotten b) Christian Crusaders – European warriors who indirectly discovered America because of Rupee's craving for exotic goods VI.Europeans Enter Africa – Setting the Stage for the â€Å"Discovery' of America a) Marco Polo: an Italian adventurer; he must be regarded as an indirect discoverer of he New World, for his book, with its description of rose- tinted pearls and golden pagodas, stimulated European desires for a cheaper route to the treasures of the East b) The Portuguese not only developed the caravel, but they had discovered that they could return to Europe by sailing northwesterly from the African coast toward the Azores, where the prevailing westward breezes would carry them home c) The participants of the earliest African slave trade were Arab flesh merchants and Africans themselves. 1 . Slave brokers deliberately separated persons from the same rib's and mixed unlike people together to frustrate organized resistance d) Portuguese: they built their own systematic traffic in slaves to work the sugar 1. Bartholomew Aids rounded the southernmost tip of the â€Å"Dark Continent† 2. Vases dad Gamma finally reached India and returned home with a small but tantalizing cargo of Jewels and spices VI'.Columbus Comes upon a New World a) In Spain, a modern national state was taken shape, with the unity, wealth and power to shoulder the formidable tasks of discovery, conquest, and colonization b) The renaissance in the fourteenth century nurtured an ambitious spirit of optimism ND adventure – printing presses facilitated the spread of scientific knowledge. The mariner's compass eliminated some of the uncertainties odd sea travel c) Columbus' voyages to America 1. Where in America? – An island in the Bahamas 2. Columbus was a â€Å"successful failure† because when seeking a new water rou te to the fabled Indies, he in fact bumped into an enormous land barrier blocking the ocean pathway d) Columbus' discovery convulsed four continents: Europe, Africa, and the Americas which emerged and interdependent global economic system 1 . Europe provided the markets, the capital, and the technology 2. Africa furnished the labor 3. The New World offered its raw materials VIII.When Worlds Collide: â€Å"Columbian Exchange† a) Europeans found iguanas and rattlesnakes along with tobacco, beans, maize, tomatoes, and potatoes – eventually revolutionized the international economy as well as the European diet b) The Europeans brought cattle, swine, horses, sugarcane, and the seeds of Kentucky Bluegrass, dandelions, and daisies – the Native Americans adopted the horse, transforming their cultures into highly mobile, wide-ranging hunter societies c) The Europeans brought smallpox, yellow fever, and malaria to the New World, which would quickly devastate the Native Ame ricans. The disease syphilis was brought to the Old World. This had injected the sexually transmitted disease into Europe for the first time. ‘X. The Spanish Conquistadors a) Treaty of Tortillas – divided the â€Å"heathen lands† of the New World between Portugal and Spain b) Important Spanish Explorers 1. Vases Nuke Balboa hailed as the discoverer of the pacific ocean 2. Ferdinand Magellan completed the first circumnavigation of the globe 3. Juan Pence De Leon explored Florida 4.Francisco Coronado went from Arizona to Kansas, while discovering the Grand Canyon and massive herds of Bison 5. Hernandez De Sotto discovered and crossed the Mississippi River 6. Francisco Pizzeria crushed the Incas of Peru and added a huge hoard of booty to Spanish coffers c) Because of the Spanish conquests, the world economy was transformed – it led to more money in Europe which led to the spread of commerce and manufacturing d) Encomia system – it allowed the governmen t to â€Å"commend† or give, Indians to certain colonists in return to try to Christianize them X. The Conquest of Mexico language of the powerful Aztec rulers of the great empire in the highlands of centralMexico b) Cortes' incentive was that he only wanted gold c) Mastectomy believed that Cortes was the god Sequestrate d) Ethnocentric – it amazed the Spanish because of how large and beautiful it was: with 300,000 inhabitants spread over ten square miles; it was surrounded floating gardens odd extraordinary beauty e) Enoch Tries: (Sad Night) the Aztec attacked, driving the Spanish down the causeways from Ethnocentric in a frantic, bloody retreat f) Impact of conquest of Aztec: 1. – : Native population of Mexico decreased rapidly due to disease 2. +: Crops and animals were brought to the Americas as well as language, laws, customs, and religion g) Did De la Razz – the birthday off wholly new race of people X'.Spanish Conquistadors (â€Å"Makers of Americ a†) a) Conquistadores were nobles – about half were professional soldiers and sailors; the rest were peasants, artisans, and members of the middling class b) Personal motives – some wanted royal titles and favors, others wanted to ensure God's favor, some hoped to escape dubious pasts, and some Just wanted adventure c) Conquistadores were armed with horses and gunpowder, as well as preceded by asses; this helped them overpower the Indians d) Most conquistadores did not strike it rich because even if an expedition captured exceptionally rich booty, it was not divided evenly e) Messiest – the â€Å"new race† formed a cultural and a biological bridge between Latin America's European and Indian races XII. The Spread of Spanish America a) The upstart English sent John Callout to explore the northeastern coast of North America b) Jacques Carrier Journeyed hundreds of miles up the SST.Lawrence River c) With the intention of protection, the Spanish began to fortify and settle in the North American borderlands d) In the Battle of Coma in 1599, the Spanish severed one foot of each survivor e) During the Pope's Rebellion in 1680, the pueblo rebels destroyed every Catholic church in the province and killed a score of priests and hundreds of Spanish settlers f) Father Junipers Sera founded at San Diego the first of a chain of twenty-one missions g) The â€Å"Black Legend† – means killing for Christ: the authors describe it as a false concept. They say that despite the mass killings, the Spanish did so many other good things that the good out weighs the bad.

Human Factors Engineering †Geriatrics Essay

Professionals in gerontology and geriatrics estimate that by the middle of the 21st century, more than 60 million of people in the United States will be older than 65. Many of these people will cross the 85-age-line (Schulz, 2007). In this context, old people do not simply live longer, but remain active and productive and strive to preserve their individual independence even in older age. Obviously, these demographic shifts are extremely challenging to society. As long as the process of aging is associated with biological, psychological, physiological, and cognitive changes, older people face a whole set of issues, when trying to preserve stability of their links with the real-world environments. These are often impossible without using technologies. Human factors engineering is expected to make valuable contribution in geriatrics, making aging population less vulnerable to the abovementioned changes, and enhancing the quality of life among older adults. As a multidisciplinary science, human factors engineering is about numerous issues, but in this work special attention will be given to home and work activities (social aspects of human factors engineering), as well as the problems older people may experience with vision and hearing (individual aspects of human factors engineering). To begin with, â€Å"human factors engineering is the study of human beings and their interactions with products, environments, and equipment in the performance of tasks and activities† (Schulz, 2007). It is a multidisciplinary field in that it encompasses the disciplines of psychology, physiology, engineering, biomechanics, and computer science. Regardless of whether in aging, in pediatrics, or in adulthood, human factors engineering seeks to identify specific human capabilities, their limitations associated with age, the impact of these limitations on individuals’ interactions with the real-world environments, and the ways of improving these interactions. When it comes to geriatrics as the science of aging, human factors engineering is to address the four essential aspects, which actually shape an older person’s reality: work, home, transportation, and product design (Schulz, 2007). Some authors also include communication, safety and security, and leisure into the list of critical human factors engineering elements in aging (Czaja, 1990). Certainly, home and home activities present the greatest challenges to older people. Against a common belief, many older people live alone and have to cope (or even to fight) with a whole set of home activities. Apart from living alone, many older people are likely to spend most of their time at home, and many of them will also face a difficulty in performing even simple tasks like bathing, cooking, washing, cleaning, etc. The most common home traumas include falls, burns (e. g. from cooking), and poisoning from gases and vapors (Czaja, 1990). Given that to live alone for older people means to preserve their individuality, and that performing their home tasks without external assistance works to enhance their self-esteem, several technological and social solutions can help older people cope with these challenges. First of all, appropriate home design may substantially reduce the risk of traumas; convenient stairways, better lighting, handrails – all these can successfully remedy human factors issues in geriatrics (Schulz, 2007). Second, when it comes to household chores, a range of in-home services including delivered meals and home health visits can â€Å"extend the ability of the elderly to live independently† (Czaja, 1990). However, older people’s striving to independence is not limited to home activities. Work remains one of the critical factors of social and individual success later in life. Objectively, and in the light of the current demographic trends, businesses are no longer able to design work environments in a way that fits both younger and older workers; â€Å"clearly, most businesses and industries now need to develop strategies to accommodate an aging workforce† (Schulz, 2007). In this context, the two essential individual factors of aging come into place. First, business owners face a challenge of compensating for age-related visual deficits. Second, they are also bound to comply and cope with hearing issues in older workers. These two aspects are fairly regarded as the two most important human engineering factors of aging (Charness & Schaie, 2003). It is difficult to deny the fact that the changes in peripheral vision, color perceptions, motion perceptions, as well as anatomical changes in hearing, the loss of frequency and intensity of sound perceptions, as well as distorted sound localization may significantly reduce and even discriminate against the older worker’s desire and ability to work. At the same time, more and more older people remain in the workforce; many of them undertake part-time jobs. Not only does work help older people preserve their individuality and independence, but it also relieves the social and unemployment burden at the state and federal levels (Czaja, 1990). That is why businesses do not have any other choice but to seek effective human factors engineering solutions to cope with the discussed issues. Unfortunately, although the amount of information about aging is affluent, the data on the implications of aging for work is rather scarce. Generally, books on human factors engineering refer to ergonomic considerations (better workplace design, accommodation, and possible use of assistive technologies), equipment redesign, and possible training needs (Schulz, 2007). These, however, do not address such factors of aging in work environments as absenteeism and turnover (Czaja, 1990). As a result, when it comes to work environments, jobs for older people should be designed to help them preserve their productivity and remain a part of the workforce, even when the need to be absent from work arises. For example, the use of computer technologies could help older people take jobs that do not require leaving their homes. When it comes to vision and hearing issues, a range of information processing computer software could be utilized to enhance the quality of older people’s interactions with the real world (Charness & Schaie, 2003). In similar ways, technology can be successfully used to help older people train their memory, cognitive skills, and attention. For example, older people can be trained to use computer technologies as a part of their attention and memory improvement strategies. Similar recommendations can also cover the areas of communication, transportation, and leisure. Unfortunately, professional human factors engineering research is only at the initial stage of its evolution, and whether older people are given a chance to participate in the major life activities also depends on how well human factors engineering professionals will perform in terms of empirical and practical research. Also, how well businesses and authorities use and implement recommendations and requirements presented as a result of human factors engineering research will predetermine older’ people success in socialization, work, communication and other life activities. Conclusion Human factors engineering is a multidisciplinary science that studies the ways in which humans interact with different environments. When it comes to geriatrics, human factors engineering is expected to study older people’s work and personal capabilities, their limitations, and the ways of addressing and overcoming them. Given that more and more older people live alone and strive to keep their jobs as a matter of better self-esteem and independence, many of them may face serious challenges associated with inevitable physiological biological, cognitive, and mechanical changes. Although the data regarding possible human factors solutions is rather limited, it is very probable that the nearest decade will give older people broader opportunities for self-realization in various social domains, from work to leisure and communication.

Charles Dickens Great Expectations Essay example -- Great Expectations

Dickens through Great Expectations seemed to have depiction of women and according to Martin Chilton should not be surprising that he did. Charles Dickens stated in 1842 â€Å"Catherine is as near being a donkey as one of her sex can be† (Chilton). Catherine was Dickens wife from 1836 to 1858; they had many kids together. Many believe Dickens terrified and depressed his wife of many years. Dickens had trouble depicting a mature female. Chilton states, "his own relations with women were all damaged, incomplete or destructive" (Chilton). There is obviously a connection between his personal experience and they way he depicts Mrs. Joe and others. Dickens relationship with women gave him many feelings to draw upon to display in his writing. Martin Chilton thought Miss Havisham was Dickens himself. The women in Great Expectations live under year’s of oppression. The cast of characters we saw were not educated and were in difficult personal situations. Peter Scheckner says, â€Å" the genealogies in this work show that virtually every female in the novel is a victim of oppressive circumstances, if not of economics then of a sex... ... middle of paper ... ...trated with the large majority of the female characters most of the time but evidently he would struggle without them. I truly, believe though if he had a more supportive stepmother, he would have ended up in a better situation and would be able to sustain his success. Charles Dickens was a novelist who wrote intense stories about the journey of Pip to fulfill his expectations. He was a man who had a difficult family situation. It was evident he was cruel to his wife Catherine and the fact that he did not even communicate to his ex wife that their son had died, he later sent a letter after the fact. These deplorable behaviors led to his depiction of many evil female characters in Great Expectations. Men in the novel were portrayed in a far better light and the depictions of women were disturbing to many has most Victorian women of the time were the total opposite.

Seminar journal of 6 lectures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Seminar journal of 6 lectures - Essay Example Whereas this set up might work on a departmental level owing to the different nature and function of each department, the problem arises when the various functional groups have to interact with each other and work as a whole, which is inadvertent in an organization (Logan 2007). One obvious reason is the difference in the framework of each department’s operating systems and structure (Logan 2007). Customer information is often duplicated so that every department has a copy in order to avoid any unnecessary interactions between various frameworks (Logan 2007). This can cause various problems, such as erroneous data entry, records, and an overall mismatch in the production of the company, resulting in the loss of revenue (Logan 2007). The solution is, therefore, an integrated set up with a uniform framework of operating system that can be accessed by any department and used according to their own needs (Logan 2007). This is called ERP software system. ... The most important feature is the ability of the company to view the client in a single view by using this system rather than in fragmented views of the various departments (Logan 2007). However, the implementation of this system can be very costly and time consuming, especially if the company is large scale and multinational (Logan 2007). It also requires skilled personnel who need to be trained first (Logan 2007). Also, to update the information and to carry out constant monitoring of the system, increased workforce with increased number of hours is required (Logan 2007). Sometimes , the results might also not be successful due to many reasons, such as too much customization of the products, and a decreased emphasis on education and re-organizing the business and staff (Logan 2007). However, it remains a lucrative business, with SAP leading the provision of ERP in the industry (Logan 2007). Another useful way in which Information Technology can be made use of in the business sector is that of employing it to reduce the carbon footprint of the companies (Bannister 2010). Around fifty percent of the carbon emitted in the UK comes from the businesses alone (Bannister 2010). This means that if the business sector works out a way to reduce the carbon emission, it can have a great and positive impact on the overall climate of the country and of the world (Bannister 2010). For this purpose, Information Technology can be beneficial in two ways: direct and indirect. To understand how important it is to try and reduce the carbon footprint, it should be noted that O2 UK produces 400k tones of CO2 every year, HSBC produces 800k tones, and Tesco produces 4.1million tones of CO2 every year (Bannister 2010). In a case study involving Tesco, it

Describe the function of tolc gene in salmonella and how this function Essay

Describe the function of tolc gene in salmonella and how this function may relate to intracellular pathogenisis in this organism - Essay Example Other substances that are secreted by TolC gene include macrobiotic solvents, and a number of antiseptic peptides (Tegos and Mylonakis, 2012). TolC functions hand in hand with other internal casing mediums in a bid to expunge unwanted elements. Research done over the recent past have posited that a number of mechanisms accountable for dissipating noxious substances from the E. coli cell requires the presence of TolC in order to function properly (Yu, Zhang and Brown, 2013). This function directly relates to the intracellular pathogenesis in salmonella. According to Toone, (2011), the absence of TolC in salmonella as a result of its removal elevates the level of defencelessness or vulnerability of salmonella to the various agents that exterminates or eradicates bacteria, viruses, and other germs, and also chemical composites. It is however important to elucidate the fact that in salmonella, TolC relies on other mechanisms for accountable for the removal of noxious substances from the cells. According to Horiyama, Yamagichi and Nishino (2010), these other mechanisms include "AcrAB, AcrD, AcrEF, MdtABC, MdsAB, EmrAB, and MdfA, MacAB, and MdtK" (p. 1372). In a nutshell, the function of the TolC gene in salmonella is aiding in the secretion of noxious substances from the cells of

Standard Practices of the Magistrate Court Outline

Standard Practices of the Magistrate Court - Outline Example The main aim of this research presented in this outline was to determine if there is a specific combination of factors that leads to a ruling of guilty, or to a guilty plea. If there is such a combination, research should show what the factors are that make it up. Should there not be an identifiable pattern to guilty pleas, the data provided by this research should be able to point future researchers in the right direction. The methodology used by the researcher was Ethnographic Observation as this allowed the researcher to quietly observe the proceedings without altering those proceedings with their presence. Multiple cases were observed in several different courtrooms to allow for maximum opportunity of fully comprehensive data. At the end of the 3-week placement, the data was analyzed and evaluated for patterns of consistency. At the end of the 3-week placement period, the data gathered was to be analyzed for patterns of consistency in what age and gender groups are most frequentl y brought before the Magistrate Court, and on what charges they are brought forth. The conclusion reached at the end of this research was that lay magistrates, unable to lean on the legal training they do not have, are essentially forced to rely on tangible evidence presented to them in the courtroom. Although the tangible evidence they rely on may or may not have anything to do with the actual case, there is clear evidence that the defendant’s appearance in court influences the judgments handed down.

Declaration of Independence day Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Declaration of Independence day - Term Paper Example The independence day of the United States is celebrated on July, 4 as approved by the congress. The interpretation as well as sources of the declaration has been subject of scholarly evaluation and request even as the original version is displayed at the national archives in Washington, D.C. (Bond, September, 1). The most important and dominant theme of the document is, perhaps, the founding fathers’ vision and dream for the country as a democratic powerhouse in the global scene. True to their vision, the country has worked on many fronts to make a nation based on outlined democratic principles such as equality, right to life, liberty and a chance to exercise the pursuit of happiness (Armitage 22). The declaration highlights the American orientation to democratic foundations. It is clear that Jefferson represented the will of the American leadership. The retention of the resolve to protect â€Å"self-evident† principles of human life and social health, democracy was cultivated in the country’s long journey to success. The right to life is a fundamental truth in the American dream and as demonstrated in various national policies that ensure the protection of life, the country has made tremendous steps in establishing institutions to protect life. Provision of important li fe protection services offered by the federal government in relation to such subjects as food, shelter, income and healthcare are illustrations of how the culture of life is protected to date (Armitage 22). In view of how liberty was envisioned and implemented to date, America has a long journey. Political liberty is perhaps one of the most celebrated principles in America and as envisioned in the Declaration of Independence, the country rose to set an enormous standard for others to emulate (Bond 3). Through model governance structures and an impressive track record for accommodation of divergent views, America borrows a lot from the

Health Economics 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Health Economics 2 - Essay Example Both of these systems address problems being faced in health care financing. With limited financial resources, the rationalization process which is seen in the casemix and the P4P system largely supports quality health services for as many people and patients as possible. P4P system – The Government of Hong Kong (2008) defines it as a system is an internal resource allocation system for hospital funding. They also discuss that it is about strategic purchasing services most needed by the community (Government of Hong Kong, 2008). Casemix system – Based on the Government of Hong Kong (2008), this system is an activity-based funding system where the provider is paid for each case which is treated, and adjustments are made based on the complexity of the case using pre-set classifications. Diagnosis-related groups – Diagnosis-related groups or DRGs are â€Å"based on the principle that diagnosis and other patient characteristics can be categorized in terms of the total quantity of resources used in treating patients† (Government of Hong Kong, 2008, p. 4) Health care systems for countries differ greatly from each other. The differences often depend on the system of government and social services existing in each country. Some countries are based on a socialist system where the health care system is dependent on the government’s support. In other countries, the citizens themselves have to cover for their health care with hardly any assistance from the government at all. Nevertheless, the point is proven that health care systems are different based on each country’s health applications. This paper shall compare the hospital funding system in Hong Kong known as the P4P system with the casemix funding systems in Victoria and New South Wales, Australia. It shall draw specific examples within the chosen health care system in order to

Definition and description of home Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Definition and description of home - Essay Example When I was a child, my parents made me believe that home was in our family house. However, as I grew up, my understanding, definition, and description of a home changed with time. I realized I would visit some places and get the feeling of being at home while others made me feel homesick. I was born in California, in a family house that still evokes a feeling of security, love, and comfort. My child’s bedroom might have looked ordinary for many people, but that was the most exciting place to be in, it was my home. I would look around it while leaving for school and wonder when I would be back. My bedroom was full of secrets ranging from pencil writings at one corner of the room to my ever hidden diary. The light blue painting made my room so lovely. I recall the days I would come home feeling tired, but the moment I got into my room, all the tiredness would go away to be replaced by a feeling of relaxation. I remember peeping through the window and calling out my best friend’s name since they lived next door. I still recall the beautiful yard around our house where I spent my weekends playing with my dog. I remember the tall trees with branches brushing against my bedroom window whenever it was windy. The kitchen was another place I often remember of whenever I think of my childhood home. It was the place where my mother cooked the best meals. The living room was where we would gather as a family to talk and share the day’s happenings or watch a movie together. I always hoped I would live there forever, since I considered this the definition of an ideal home. At some point I had to leave home, which was one of the most agonizing moments of my life. I thought I would never find another place to call home. This was true for some time, but I began feeling homesick and wished I would go back home. I tried to make the houses I lived in to feel homely, but they always remained to be houses lacking the security and comfort I had

Marjorie Abortion Essay Example for Free

Marjorie Abortion Essay Culture is a distinctive way of life of people or groups . Culture is manifested in all aspects of life which include norms and values such as age, language, gender and social values such as religion, marriage and rite of passage. Different cultural groups norms and values compare and contrast from one cultural group to another as shown in the table with a case study of western,African,Islamic,Hinduism and Chinese culture culture. Norms and values Comparison Contrast Age -In all the cultural groups one is considered of age of majority at 18 years. -The older command more respect from minors. -In western and Chinese culture,the old people are cared for in old age homes while in Africa Islamic,and Hindus culture, they live with their families. -In western culture children have their rights about their life but in Africa it’s dictated by their parents. Gender -In all cultural groups both gender are considered important in contributing to family life and economy in general. western and Chinese people gender have equal rights while African and Muslims men are superior and have more rights than women. Language -In all groups they use symbols verbal and non verbal to communicate which are either denotative or connotative. -Language is the main form of communication. -In western culture one language like English has a wide scope of usage. when it comes to Chinese people,almost every one born in china knows Chinese language and in African language is very narrow and it have been borrowed heavily from other languages. Social values all this culture have established away of life with acceptable social values -In all culture marriage is considered important for companionship and procreation. Chinese derive their values from Confucianism and taoism while in Islamic religion,they have developed their values around their religion. The western people have diversified social values depending with families and individual status where as the African values are continuously being westernized -In African culture marriage is only between couples of different sex but in western even same sex couples do marry -Hindus parent of the woman look for a prospective march a -Muslim and African men are polygamies Islamic. Rite of passage -Different stages of life for example birth, initiation and death are considered important and are marked with various ceremonies. -In western culture the practice are done in a special way such as in hospitals but in African they are done traditionally for example by diviners. -Hindus do bath and wrap their dead. -Muslim ensures that they bury their dead within the first day after they die Religion all culture recognize recognize supernatural being and believe there is God and also recognize evil -Worship is in churches in western and are Christians. Africa it is in sacred areas for example, under a sacred tree -Muslims worship in mosques. -Hindus worship in temples and pilgrimage and believe in many gods -Chinese goes to churches. Age influences learning as young people are more able to study, understand and conceptualize than the older people. Also due to age barrier the young may be unable to learn certain issues such as leadership. Where there is gender discrimination for instance, a girl child is discriminated and are not accessed to education . Where there is gender equality there is tendency of competition thus improving learning process. Learning will be slow where there is language barrier or if language needs to be translated from one to the other, this hampers understanding and communication. Social values influence learning for instance in Africa, after initiation girls went for marriage while boys became warriors. This curtails continuity with education. References: Marjorie Ebort,Margaret Gisler. (1999). career for culture lovers and other artsy types,McGraw-hill professional

Overview of Cryptographic Techniques

Overview of Cryptographic Techniques Gunasekaran, Priya Dharshini Cryptographic Techniques The backbone of many organization is the electronic communications. Most of the information are communicated online. Hence the important informations are to be maintained confidentially. To maintain the highly confidential information, a secure and robust system is required. Som and Banerjee (2013, p. 1) states that â€Å"Cryptography is the science of making communication unintelligible to everyone except the intended receiver(s).† Message secrecy and reliability, sender verification are the main feature provided by cryptography. The major functionality of cryptography are encryption and decryption. Encryption is a process of changing the simple text into a cipher text. Decryption is the reverse process, changing the cipher text into a simple readable text. The encryption and the decryption are processed based on the key shared between the sender and the receiver. Sender uses the key to encrypt the information, whereas the receiver uses the key to decrypt the encrypted inform ation. Kester and Danquah says that symmetric and asymmetric are the two main cryptographic algorithms. Symmetric key algorithm exchanges the public key which is used to encrypt and decrypt the message. Asymmetric algorithm provides more security than the symmetric algorithm since it uses both public and private keys for generating the cipher text. Various cryptographic techniques have been discovered based on the symmetric and asymmetric algorithms. This paper discuss the three major cryptographic techniques, square matrix algorithm, public key exchange algorithm using matrix, and asymmetric key algorithm using arithmetic equations. The most basic cryptographic technique is square matrix algorithm. Som and Banerjee says that in this technique the data is placed in the square matrix as in Figure 1 (2013, p. 1). The authors says that a matrix is considered based on the size of the simple text and the letters in the simple text are placed diagonally in the matrix (2013). Som and Banerjee explains that the key is generated by adding the position values of the letters in the diagonal position (p. 1).The author explains that the letters in the square are read serially and the position values are added with the key value obtained. Som and Banerjee says that for the each of the position value obtained the chipper text is generated (p. 2). Som and Banerjee explains this algorithm taking the simple text as â€Å"DIFFERENTIATIONS† (p. 2). Figure 1. Plain text are placed into a square matrix (Som, Banerjee, 2013, p. 2) Som and Banerjee describes that the key is generated as addi ng the position value of ‘D’, position value of ‘E’, position value of ‘T’, position value of ‘S’ which results as 38, the value of the each letters are like A being1 up to Z being 26 (2013, p. 2). Som and Banerjee states that the intermediate chipper text generated by adding the key value with the each of the position value is â€Å"PURQRQZMDFFAUUZE† as in Figure 2 (p. 2). Figure 2. The matric table of the intermediate cipher text (Som, Banerjee, 2013, p. 2) According to Som and Banerjee intermediate chipper text is converted into binary form and the sub sectioned (2013, p. 3). Som and Banerjee says that the binary converted data is combined with the next set of blocks (p. 3). This procedure is followed for all the sub sectioned blocks. In this way the each of the block is formed resulting in the actual cipher text. In this example the actual cipher text is 640 680 656 2592 2624 2592 180 152 24159191040 20401094936 70 260 680 680 720 517. Som and Banerjee explain that the decryption of the cipher is converting the number into its binary form (p. 3). The authors also explains that the binary data is then divided into a set of blocks and the individual letter for the each block is obtained (2013). Som and Banerjee states that the plain text is obtained by subtracting the position value of the intermediate text with the shared key value (2013). This method is one of the easiest method to secure the information. Public key exchange algorithm using matrix is another cryptographic techniques. Kester explains the algorithm with help of two parties A and B. According to Kester an individual private key will be chosen for the parties A and B as APVK and BPVK respectively (2012). The author syas that the public key of the party A and B, APUK and BPUK is obtained from the private key using an algorithm, considering the algorithm being CGN as shown in the Figure 3 and Figure 4 respectively (2012). Figure 3. Public key generation for the party A (Kester, 2012, p. 79) Figure 4. Public key generation for the party B (Kester, 2012, p. 79) Kester also says that the public key, APUK and BPUK, is shared between both the parties (2012, p. 79). According to author the private key is not exchanged between the parties (2012, p. 79). Kester describes that the plain text is encrypted by the party A and sent to party B (2012, p. 79). The author also says that the encryption is performed using the private key of party A and the public of the party B, since the public is shared with the party A (2012). Kester explains that the encrypted text is sent to the party B (2012, p. 79). Kester states that the message received by party B is decrypted using the private key of the party A (2012, p.79). The author describes that the public key is primarily used for authentication and private keys are used for encryption (2012). According to Kester, â€Å"The decryption of the message of a particular cipher text will only be possible if and only if the message sent is intended to be read by that recipient† (2012, p. 80). This algorithm is the basic functionality for all encryption and decryption methods. Asymmetric key algorithm using arithmetic equations is a mathematical cryptographic technique. According to Kester and Danquah (2012, p. 71), the intermediate cipher text is generated using twelve equation and the main cipher text is generated using the shared key. Kester and Danquah state that there are two keys for a complete cryptographic procedure which are public key for authentication, private key for encryption and decryption (2012). Kester and Danquah describes that a software was developed based on the public key and the private key (2012). Kester and Danquah also states that only eight string of data can be used by the software (2012). Therefore this algorithm is explains the method to generate the chipper text using the software. According to Kester and Danquah, a constant value a chose between which below the number of letter of the plain text (2012).The authors state that the public key if the indivual part is generated by applying the mod function on the constant value (2012). The authors also say that the private key is any value chose below the number of letter in the plain text (2012). The authors state that the cipher text is generated using on the private and the public keys using the mod function (2012). The authors state that the public key is shared between two users and the private key is generated for individual users (2012, p. 71). Kester and Danquah says that the decryption is the reverse process of the encryption following the algorithm form the step 12 to the step 1 (2012). The authors also say that the public generated id unique for sender and the receiver and is dependent on the private key of the sender and the receiver (2012, p. 72). Kester and Danquah state that â€Å"The cipher for the public key from the private key and vice versa depends on the function used to generate keys† (2012, p. 73). This algorithm is an arithmetic cryptographic techniques generating the cipher text based on the position of the text place. Square matrix algorithm, public key exchange algorithm using matrix, and asymmetric key algorithm using arithmetic equations are the three major cryptographic techniques. They are several different cryptographic methods to secure the message delivered through the internet. Mukesh and Subashini says that biometric algorithm has been implemented widely and is proved that the data is secured effectively (2012, p. 19). References Kester, Q. A., (2012). A Public-Key Exchange Cryptographic Technique using Matrix, IEEE, 978-1-4673-4789-1/12, 78-81. Kester, Q. A., Danquah, P., (2012). A Novel Cryptographic key technique, IEEE, 978-1-4673-4789-1/12, 70-73. Mukesh, R., Subashini, V. J., (2012). Fingerprint based Authentication system using threshold visual cryptographic technique, IEEE, IBSN: 978-81-909042-2-3, 16-19. Som, S., Banerjee, M., (2013). Cryptographic Technique by Square Matrix and Single Point Crossover on Binary Field, IEEE, 978-1-4673-2821-0/12, 106.