Anxiety Disorder Essay -- Psychology, Phobia, Agoraphobia

Among many psychological disorders, anxiety disorders are the most predominant in the United States. According to Antony (2011), anxiety disorders affect nearly 28.8 percent of the population. An extreme and unrealistic anxiety is the most common symptom that characterizes all the psychological conditions within the category of anxiety disorders. The category includes specific phobia, agoraphobia, social phobia, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. This paper examines obsessive-compulsive disorder discussing the major etymological explanations of anxiety disorders in general, specifically describing the condition, and discussing actual treatments for the disorder. Anxiety played an important role in the psychoanalytic theory, and, as a result, psychoanalytic interpretation is important to understand anxiety disorders. In the psychoanalytic interpretation, anxiety is defined an intense sensation of endangerment and an unconscious mechanism produced by unconscious conflicts. According to Wolman and Stricker (1994), it can be understood as a symptom that is the cause and effect of itself and a product of past experience, psychological mechanisms, and psychic contents like persecutory anxiety or separation anxiety. For Freud, nervous anxiety was produced by sexual frustration and repressed sexual drives, or libido. In his theory, sexual frustration creates a biochemical imbalance that results in anxiety. However, this idea does not have support on the empirical basis because there is not a biochemical process that correlates with Freud’s theory. In addition, on the psychological basis, sexually abstinent people do not always experience ext reme anxiety (Wolma... ..., and pharmacological treatment would be better in the case of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. In this sense, the patients would be encouraged to examine their beliefs or assumptions that create their compulsions. The etymological explanations of anxiety disorders represent the bases for the creation of any treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder, while they increase our knowledge about the condition. Since diagnose is extremely related with the severity of the symptoms, the correct treatment approach is also related with the state of the condition. Future research is needed to enhance our knowledge and understanding of the causes and elements that contributed to the condition’s occurrence. In conclusion since every treatment has its limitation, a combination of different treatment is the best methodology to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Classifications of Restaurants

Restaurant Classification Restaurants are found throughout the United States as well as other countries. Restaurants are found in many different places such as street corners in mobile businesses, buffets found in mid-sized towns and cities, as well as upscale restaurants that are most always found in larger and more populated areas. All of these places serve one purpose in common; to aide to the desired food cravings of countless people. A person might say that there are no noticeable differences of each type of restaurant, but hidden beneath their common goals are various differences that set each apart. Mobile food businesses have become very popular in middle class areas and serve people of all kinds. Although the food may seem delicious, mobile food businesses such as taco wagons spend their time constantly traveling to different places for business. Their trucks can be unclean as it is a hassle to clean out a truck of grease and fallen food. Most people cannot see the inside of a taco truck because they are too high off the ground to see and each wagon has windows that are hard to see inside of. As a result, many people do not see the harm or realize these things and therefore do not care. There is also an inconvenience to customers as there is no formal seating are for dining, and if there is, it is found outdoors. Many people do not want to spend their time eating next to a busy street where everyone passing by can see them, while others may like to simply enjoy the outdoors. Mobile food businesses like these also have very few workers which may lead to food that is delayed in delivery. People that come to food trucks like their food to be delivered in a fast and timely manner so they can get to wherever they are going on time instead of having to wait in a line for their food to be done cooking. Aside from its downsides, there are also positives about mobile food businesses. If there were not any, they would not be in business and be as popular as they are. Many people chose these types of businesses because they are a cheap alternative to fast food places such as McDonald’s. Given the choice of a two pound burrito or a small burger and fries for the same price, most people would choose the burrito. Places such as taco wagons and others provide people with authentic food that may or may not be a part of their culture. Some of these places use ingredients that they would use in their own part of the world. This provides customers with a variety and a little taste of home. Being able to live in a place that provides anyone with a taste of home will bring good money, especially when a town’s population has a lot of diversity. A second type of restaurant that is found in many towns and cities is buffets. Some people see buffets as unsanitary places because of the fact that the food is left out in the open for others to touch or spread more germs. When someone is eating they do not want to think of themselves as in taking germs with every bite that they take, but rather eating food that is delicious and safe to eat. Buffets may also have long lines of people. Because there is no limited amount of food a person can get, hungry people come to these restaurants and go through lines multiple times to get numerous amounts of food. These types of restaurants could play a role in the obesity rate of families today and future families to come. Although eating a lot of food sounds amazing, it is unhealthy and bad for the body. The food that is sold in buffets made seem homemade, and not like a fast food restaurant, but that does not mean that it is healthy and good for the body. Eating mass amounts of food like this can lead to damage to the body over a long period of time. In the worst case scenario, it could lead to more than just obesity. People choose buffets because of their low flat rates. Seizing the opportunity to engulf unlimited amounts of entrees and desserts for about ten dollars is the best deal in the food industry. No other food place can beat a buffet’s deal. Buffets must know this because they would not be in business if they did not. Along with their low costs, buffets are very convenient to their customers. Buffets allow their customers to choose any kind of food they choose to consume, compared to other restaurants that have you choose a certain group of things. The cost from other restaurants includes only the entree. Anything else that someone wishes to choose would be an additional charge to the customer. With a buffet, the cost that it takes to eat there includes the beverage, entree, and dessert. People can mix and match their favorite foods until they are fully satisfied with their meal. The third type of restaurant is the upscale restaurants. These types of restaurants are found mainly in big cities where they can charge people hundreds of dollars for their meals. The meals may be smaller in size, but superior in quality. These places have a fancy and elegant feel to them. Their customers wear formal clothing and eat their meals by candlelight. The food is made of better quality ingredients so it is not unusual for food to take much longer to be prepared and finally arrive at the customers table. Most of the upscale restaurants are not family welcoming. Children of young ages are frowned upon as to not disturb the dining experiences of others. Children seem to not sit still and be noisy. They are also very messy. In high class restaurants it is not usual to see a child, although it is not a standalone rule, it is just a rule that is thought to be in place. These restaurants are more sophisticated and seem as though only a certain type of financially able people should dine there. It is unlikely that a person with little or no money would pay a hundred dollars for a steak and a potato. A person of wealth, on the other hand, would pay a large quantity of money for a simple, yet elegant meal. Although upscale restaurants may have standards, these restaurants have very friendly and inviting staff. It is only an expectation that if customers are willing to pay top dollar for their food, then they shall receive top dollar service. Waiters are usually always there to make sure that your glass is always full and you are happy with how your meal turned out. Along with their friendly and inviting service, most of these restaurants serve only the best and the freshest food available. These items are made fresh right when ordered as opposed to fast food restaurant’s food which is premade and heated to serve to customers. The food that is prepared at upscale restaurants is made to please its customers in the best way possible. Anyone can count on reliable food, service, and cleanliness from upscale restaurants. The goods must outweigh the bad in every area for this type of restaurant to still be popular and serving people to this day. Americans all over the world enjoy different types of restaurants. Mobile food businesses, buffets, and upscale restaurants mark just a few classifications of the restaurant businesses that are found throughout the country. Even with the obvious differences that they possess, the share one common goal; to serve the people who desire and yearn for their food. Although these places may leave drawbacks, they each possess a certain advantage that draws customers back time and time again.

Analysis Of Ellen Ullman s A Strong Passionate Woman

Ellen Ullman, a strong, passionate woman, grows up with an ambitious dream of reaching high and aiming for the stars. Defying the social standard, she immerses herself into the male-dominated career of computer programming where she immediately runs straight into a barrier separating her from the path to contentment and success in the workplace. Unlike many women, Ullman found a way to shatter the glass ceiling and rise above, but she cannot discover how to end sexism for all other women across the nation. America is said to be the land of equal-opportunity, but working women are still experiencing great levels of discrimination in the workplace. The root of sexism comes from an abstract way of thinking—stereotypes. Throughout history and still today, the American culture promotes the stereotypes of women being viewed only as the care holders of the family that raise the children and tidy up the house. Sexism does not just affect a few women, because across the nation and for many years, there have been an abundance of accounts of women suffering from discrimination. Women are discriminated against by receiving less pay and subservient jobs due to the stereotypes used against them in the workplace which, in turn, damages both women and businesses directly. In order to push forward through this great injustice, people must start at the elementary level to extinguish stereotypes and allow America’s children to grow with an open mind. Gender discrimination especially targetsShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Edu cation, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers

Wuthering Height by Emily Bronte - 1188 Words

Are love, power and wealth essential elements in the perfect soul mate in life? These rudiments are very critical in the novel Wuthering Heights. When looking at the portrayal of love in this novel, there is a great distinction between the loves we show to others presently versus the love shown in the novel. When considering Catherine and Heathcliff in the novel, they both love each other dearly, but when it comes down to it, Catherine cannot marry Heathcliff. Why can’t their love ever be? This is so because Heathecliff has no wealth or power. Without these things, if Catherine were to marry Heathcliff it would degrade her. So what does Catherine do? She marries Edgar Linton, a man who has power and wealth, although she doesn’t love him as much as she loves Heathcliff. The author uses her past experiences to influence the way she writes this novel, which is why this story can compare and contrast with the Victorian age and our modern society. All in all, love, desire an d money has a major role in the progression of the story Wuthering Heights, and when compared to today’s society there are noticeable differences in our portrayal of love. Wealth plays a critical part in the novel Wuthering Heights. This theme applies and is associated with almost every couple in the novel. When analyzing the couples Heathcliff, Isabella, and Catherine, Edgar, wealth is the basis of each marriage. Ive no more business to marry Edgar Linton than I have to be in heaven; and if the wicked manShow MoreRelatedWuthering Heights By Emily Bronte1555 Words   |  7 Pages2015 Wuthering Heights (1847) by Emily Brontà « Introduction The novel Wuthering Heights was written in 1847 by Emily Brontà «. The plot unravels with Lockwood visiting his landlord at Wuthering Heights; as Lockwood stays the night, he starts to discover items within the home and later a fatal vision appears, which causes him great curiosity. Lockwood returns back to his residence at Thrushcross Granges and listens to the history of his landlord, Heathcliff; told by an old servant at Wuthering HeightsRead MoreWuthering Heights By Emily Bronte1521 Words   |  7 Pages  Wuthering Heights is Emily Brontà « s only novel. Written between October 1845 and June 1846, Wuthering Heights was published in 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell; Brontà « died the following year, aged 30. Wuthering Heights and Anne Brontà « s Agnes Grey were accepted by publisher Thomas Newby before the success of their sister Charlotte s novel, Jane Eyre. After Emily s death, Charlotte edited the manuscript of Wuthering Heights, and arranged for the edited version to be published as a posthumousRead MoreWuthering Heights by Emily Bronte1290 Words   |  5 Pagesusually by retaliating in kind or degree† (â€Å"revenge†) however to Heathcliff it meant more than just to avenge himself he wanted to have everything he felt he rightfully deserved and more. Social class and revenge, are primary themes in the novel Wuthering Heights. Social class plays a considerable part in the lives and loves of the charters in the novel. Revenge is key element in the book, this twisted theme creates the whole plot line. â€Å"Children develop a strong interest in the world around them by theRead MoreWuthering Heights, by Emily Brontà «1865 Words   |  8 Pagesdevilish, preternatural passion that tamer beings can scarcely recognize as love.† (Duclaux) Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontà « is considered a masterpiece today, however when it was first published, it received negative criticism for its passionate nature. Critics have studied the novel from every analytical angle, yet it remains one of the most haunting love stories of all time. â€Å"Wuthering Heights is not a comfortable book; it invites admiration rather than love,† (Stoneman 1). The novel containsRead MoreWuthering Heights By Emily Bronte1936 Words   |  8 PagesWuthering Heights, a novel by Emily Bronte is one of the most admired and favorable written works in English literature. When the novel was published in the year 1847, it sold very poorly and only received a minimum amount of reviews. Although the novel does not contain any sexual relations or bloodshed, it is considered to be inappropriate due to its portrayal of an unconstrained love and cruelty. Wuthering Heights is formed on the Gothic tradition in the late 18th century, which consists of supern aturalRead MoreWuthering Heights by Emily Bronte553 Words   |  2 PagesWuthering Heights: Good vs. Evil Emily Bronte’s classical literary masterpiece, Wuthering Heights, can more or less be viewed as a struggle between conventional, civilized human behavior, as well as the wild, anarchistic side that each of us humans possess, although subtly. Bronte’s piece can be summed up by the â€Å"good vs. evil† elements that include Wuthering Heights as opposed to Thrushcross Grange, Heathcliff vs. Edgar, and much more. These elemental set points lead to the conclusion that WutheringRead MoreWuthering Heights by Emily Bronte885 Words   |  4 PagesIn â€Å"Wuthering Heights† Emily Bronte vividly present the main character, Heathcliff, as misanthropist after he suffers abuse, degradation, and loses his beloved Catherine. Heathcliff, a black, orphan gipsy child, is brought to live in upper-class society by Mr. Earnshaw’s generosity. Heathcliff is an outcast in his new society. Thus, Heathcliff’s temperament is depicted in â€Å"Wuthering Heightsâ⠂¬  as cruel, abusive, and vindictive against those who humiliated and not accepted him in society. HeathcliffRead MoreWuthering Heights By Emily Bronte1149 Words   |  5 PagesDuring it release in 1842, ‘Wuthering Heights’ by Emily Bronte was considered to be a novel of obscenity and monstrosity. The novel has the ability to adapt to a range of themes and transcend the forms of content and cultural context within the ideas of love, oppression, power and harmony. Critical readings of the text have challenged and enriched readers in a diverse array of interpretations of language and structure; forming personal meanings that have developed throughout history. England, inRead MoreWuthering Heights By Emily Bronte1208 Words   |  5 Pagesrepair, and spark one of the most largest human motivations: vengeance. If left unnoticed, the feeling will grow inside us and consume our every thought and ruin our lives. Therefore, leaving no remorse or peace for ourselves and others. Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights is a book about love that turns into vengeance and hatred that goes for generations. This story revolves around Heathcliff, an unmerciful vengeful man. His desire to pay back those who have done him wrong is so extreme that he finds himselfRead MoreWuthering Heights by Emily Bronte877 Words   |  4 PagesThe novel, Wuthering Heights, written by Emily Brà ¶nte, follows the stories of Catherine and Heathcliff Earnshaw. Both lived in Wuthering Heights, until Catherine went away to Thrushcross Grange and came back a changed person. The settings of Thrushcross Grange and Wuthering Heights, throughout the novel help to display the emo tions of the story, and shape the image of the people who live within them. The setting helps to describe aspects of the novel in greater depth. One of the first scenes of

Climate Change A Look On Public Health - 1261 Words

Bounds, Matthew Mrs. Dixon English Composition 3 November 2015 Climate Change: A Look on Public Health What will happen to the future of humanity if climate change is allowed to have its way with the human race? What disasters will climate change force upon civilization? Will the human race slowly be extinguished? What will happen to individual people as the Earth’s climate gets more and more violent? Climate change will affect the general public’s health; the only question is â€Å"How much?† Climate change’s effects are very real and some have even already started, Earth s surface temperature has already warmed more than 0.8  °C over the past century and roughly 0.6  ° C in the last 30 years. (Campbell-Lendrum) The main culprit is human†¦show more content†¦(Frumkin, Climate change and public health: thinking, communicating, acting.) â€Å"We [The CDC] expect to see an increase in the severity, duration, and frequency of extreme heat waves. Heat causes a range of health effects, from mild (heat cramps, heat exhaustion) to severe (such as heat stroke, which can be fatal). â€Å"Climate change will likely modify extreme weather events, such as floods, droughts, and heavy precipitation. In addition, some evidence suggests hurricanes could become more intense. The health effects of extreme weather events range from loss of life and acute trauma to indirect effects such as loss of home, large-scale population displacement and subsequent mental health effects, damage to sanitation infrastructure (drinking water and sewage systems), interruption of food production, and damage to the health-care infrastructure.† â€Å"Climate changes will likely affect air quality by modifying local weather patterns and pollutant concentrations, affecting natural sources of air pollution, and encourage the formation of ground-level ozone. Ozone can irritate the respiratory system, reduce lung function, aggravate asthma, and inflame and damage cells that line the lungs. In addition, it may cause permanent lung damage and aggravate chronic lung diseases.† â€Å"Altered weather patterns resulting from climate change could affect the distribution and incidence of food- and

Heat Tech Windows Marketing for Journalism- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theHeat Tech Windows Marketing for Journalism. Answer: UNIQLO is a Japanese company that provides designer casual clothes which it manufactures and retails. Its products are innovative and seek to add real value to their customers. UNIQLO Heat Tech provides clothes which are designed by the company with Japanese technology that keep the wearer warm by the use of a thin layer of fabric which is also very functional. Apart from clothes, the company has also provided windows. Winters are very cold times. This makes people incur huge heating costs as they try to make their households and offices warm and they may also catch illnesses from the cold. In a bid to solve this problem, UNIQLO ran its campaign across all its one hundred and eighty stores in Korea in promotion of the windows, from November 4th to December 31st 2016(UNIQLO, 2017). The company initially gave away a Heat Tech window freely to anyone who purchased a heat thermal wear product. In total, five hundred thousand people received the heat tech windows which when applied to their home windows enabled them to retain the warmth in the house and also aided in reducing heating costs by twenty percent. This campaign video was able to reach thirty million views online. Consequently, Heat Tech recorded sales growth of two hundred and three percent year on year growth. The heat tech window campaigns communication objectives include; informing people of the existence of a new product that can aid to satisfy their needs during the winter. The adverts were also created in a way that was appealing to the clients. In the advertisement, there is a warmth that is being depicted which serves to show people what the product is about and consequently attract people to purchase the product (UNIQLO, 2011). The Heat Tech window campaign targeted people with different attributes. First, they targeted people from geographical areas that were affected by extremely cold weather. This is because they had identified a need for warmth by the people as well as the need for people to reduce costs they previously incurred in heating expenditure. The targets were also households, schools, hospitals, and offices. This is because these are areas that people spend a lot of their time which would make them susceptible to the cold. To ensure that people are warm and comfortable, there is a need to ensure that their environment is also warm and cozy especially at home. The theme of the Heat Tech window campaign is that the layer of air that is in the window blocks the conduction of heat between the inside and outside of a room consequently raising the temperature of the room. The Heat Tech campaign has made use of appeal to create a positive image of people who are enjoying the products and to influence the purchasing decisions of the different people. The main appeal that has been used in the window campaign is emotional appeal. This is because the campaign has targeted the social and psychological needs that will lead people to purchase the products (Dinnie, 2010). Another form of appeal that is used in the campaign is a rational appeal. This is because during the winter it is extremely cold and people will need to keep their environments warm to shelter themselves from the cold weather. Since the Heat Tech window products will keep the households and offices warm, it is only rational that people will purchase the products. Moreover, the Heat Tech Windows will enable people to minimize their heating costs. As a result, they will purchase the products. One execution style that is depicted in UNIQLOs windows campaign is mood. This is shown where the advert builds a mood of warmth around the product(Kim, Hayes and Reid, 2014). In the advert, the people and animals that are used bring out a feeling of warmth to the people watching it. Demon is another execution style that has been incorporated in the advert. This is depicted where the advert showcases the benefits that will be achieved by using the companys windows. The slice-of-life execution style is also used. This is depicted where the lives of people who have already used the Heat Tech windows is shown. This makes people want to live in the same way which in turn leads to increased sales for the heat tech windows. Further, in the advert, there is music that is played in the background as the advert is going on. This music is slow which creates a sense of calmness and enables people to concentrate more on the advert. Finally, the scientific style of execution is also used in this advert. This is because the advert begins by explaining how the Heat Tech widows work. This is shown where the Heat Tech windows are said to trap the warmth in the room and prevent cold air from entering a building thus ensuring that the building remains warm at all times. The advertising approaches used in this advert are very effective but they can be improved by talking directly to one customer as opposed to speaking to all customers collectively. Incidentally, the advert says that UNIQLO advertisement keeps people warm. Instead, they should say that UNIQLO advertisements keep you warm. In its campaign for the window product, UNIQLO made extensive use of digital media. Specifically, they used social media where they uploaded their videos for instance on YouTube and even reached people through the use of mobile phones. They also advertised the product using other channels such as billboards. A media that was not used to advertise is radio. The main reason is that radios are not visual and would therefore not have provided people with the intended experience gained by watching the advert. Conversely, one media that the company could have also used is the use of film advertising. This is because this would have enabled the message to reach diverse groups of people. In turn, this would have increased word of mouth advertisement to other people. The campaign was very effective. Different measures that show how effective the campaign include; the sales revenue, the cost incurred per acquisition, and social media traffic that consequently leads to conversions (Mantrala and Sridhar, 2010). The company was shown to bring in a record two hundred and three annual percent growth rate. The costs that are incurred for each acquisition are also very low because the campaign can reach very many people all at once who then purchased the windows. There was a lot of traffic to the companys social media accounts that can be shown incidentally by the high number of people who viewed the video online (UNIQLO, 2017). This then brought in customers who were attracted to purchase the product mainly because it satisfied their need for warmth while still saving them costs that would have otherwise been incurred. As the advertising agency for UNIQLO, Cheil Worldwide has the duty of providing different services for the company. First, it had the responsibility of researching to gain knowledge on the window products before launching the campaign (Khan, Jung, and Ye, 2012). In this research, it had the duty of assessing the competition, buyers preferences, and the existing as well as the future market possibilities. Cheil Worldwide is also the organization that created the advert on behalf of UNIQLO. Before this, it planned the entire advertisement and showed the plan to the company(Rodriguez, Dixon and Peltier, 2010). Once the company approved, it then created the advert and chose the best media which would be used to convey the message which was mainly social media. The company also prepared the advertising budget based on the instructions of UNIQLO. The company also carried out sales promotion which it is still performing to date to keep increasing sales. References Dinnie, K. (2010). national branding; concepts, issues, practice. Khan, H., Jung, E. and Ye, L. (2012). Social Media Research in Advertising, Communication, Marketing, and Public Relations, 19972010.Journalism Mass Communication Quarterly. Kim, K., Hayes, J. and Reid, L. (2014). Trends in Advertising Research: A Longitudinal Analysis of Leading Advertising, Marketing, and Communication Journals, 1980 to 2010.Journal of Advertising. Mantrala, M. and Sridhar, S. (2010). Personal Selling Elasticities: A Meta-Analysis.AMA jouornals, 47(5). Rodriguez, M., Dixon, A. and Peltier, J. (2010). Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing; A review of the interactive marketing literature in the context of personal selling and sales management: A research agenda.Emeraldinsight. Sangari, E. (2014). Personal selling and sales management in the marketing of financial services: Introduction to the special issue.Journal of Financial Services Marketing, 19(2). UNIQLO (2011). A Study of the Business Model of Japan's SPA Brand 'UNIQLO'.The Japanese Modern Association of Korea, null(33), pp.499-522. UNIQLO (2017).Cheil Worldwide South Korea creates the Heat Tech Window to promote Uniqlo's thermal wear. [online] Campaign Brief Asia. Available at: https://www.campaignbrief.com/asia/2017/04/cheil-worldwide-south-korea-cr-1.html [Accessed 18 Oct. 2017].

Internally Displaced Person free essay sample

The idea and the phenomenon of internal displacement are not recent. According to United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) ,the Greek government argued to the United Nations (UN) General Assembly in 1949 that people displaced internally by war should have the same access to international aid as refugees, even if they did not need international protection. India and Pakistan repeated this argument after partition. Recognition of internal displacement emerged gradually through the late 1980s and became prominent on the international agenda in the 1990s. The chief reasons for this attention were the growing number of conflicts causing internal displacement after the end of the Cold War and an increasingly strict international migration regime. Although the issue of internal displacement has gained international prominence during the last fifteen years, a single definition of the term remains to be agreed upon. internally displaced persons are persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized State border. We will write a custom essay sample on Internally Displaced Person or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1 While the above stresses two important elements of internal displacement it is important to note that rather than a strict definition, the Guiding Principles offer â€Å"a descriptive identification of the category of persons whose needs are the concern of the Guiding Principles†. In this way, the document â€Å"intentionally steers toward flexibility rather than legal precision as the words â€Å"in particular† indicate that the list of reasons for displacement is not exhaustive. However, as Erin Mooney has pointed out, â€Å"global statistics on internal displacement generally count only IDPs uprooted by conflict and human rights violations. Moreover, a recent study has recommended that the IDP concept should be defined even more narrowly, to be limited to persons displaced by violence. † Thus, despite the non-exhaustive reasons of internal displacement, many consider IDPs as those who would be defined as refugees if they were to cross an international border hence the term refugees in all but name is often applied to IDPs. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs(OCHA 1999:6) Brookings-Bern Project on Internal Displacement: http://www. brook. edu/idp 1 2 2 Concept of internally displaced persons (IDPs) : When civilians cross an international frontier into a second state in an effort to escape persecution, they are generally given food and shelter by the host country, protected by international laws and legally are classified as refugees. Others in similar circumstances but who, for whatever reason, remain in their own states become IDPs with few, if any, of the safeguards and assistance afforded to refugees. They remain under the „protection? of often antagonistic governments or prey to rebel militias. 3 They are individuals or groups of people who have been forced to flee their homes to escape armed conflict, generalized violence and human rights abuses. Millions of other civilians who have survived natural disasters such as floods are also generally classified as IDPs. Who is an internally displaced person? IDP) There is no legal definition as there is for a refugee. However, a United Nations report, Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement uses the definition: Internally displaced persons are persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situation s of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized State border. 4 Components of the IDP definition The definition provided by the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement highlights two elements: 3 4 www. unhcr. org/internallydisplacedpeople United Nations report of Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, Introduction, Para 2 3 1) The coercive or otherwise involuntary character of movement. 2) The fact that such movement takes place within national borders. Refugee vs. IDPs Both groups often leave their homes for similar reasons. Civilians are recognized as „refugees? hen they cross an international frontier to seek sanctuary in another country. The internally displaced, for whatever reason, remain in their own states. Newly arrived refugees normally receive food, shelter and a place of safety from the host country. A well-defined body of international laws and conventions pr otects them. The UN refugee agency and other humanitarian organizations work within this legal framework to help refugees restart their lives in a new state or eventually return home. On the other hand, the internally displaced often face a more difficult future. They may be trapped in an ongoing internal conflict. The domestic government, which may view the uprooted people as „enemies of the state,? retains ultimate control of their fate. There are no specific international legal instruments covering the internally displaced, and general agreements such as the Geneva Conventions are often difficult to apply. Donors are sometimes unwilling to interfere in internal conflicts or offer sustained assistance. There has been some debate surrounding whether IDPs and refugees should be grouped as a single category, and consequently whether the challenges caused by them should be handled by the same institution(s). This argument was first raised in the pages of 1998 and 1999 editions of Forced Migration Review (FMR) 5 . Barutciski argued that the attempts by some human rights advocates to extend the protection of refugees to the 5 http://www. brook. edu/idp,Barutciski 1998 and 1999, Bennett 1999, Kingsley-Nyinah 1999, Rutinwa 1999, Vincent 1999 4 nternally displaced may be counter-productive, as it would be detrimental to the traditional asylum option and could possibly increase containment. The discussion was revitalized in 2001, when the then US Ambassador to the UN, Richard Holbrooke, following a visit to Angola, argued that the bureaucratic distinction between refugees and IDPs was negatively affecting the lives of millions of IDPs. 6 Causes of internal displacement: Armed conflicts: Inte rnational armed – it should be noted that wars of national liberation have been classified as international armed conflicts –non-international conflicts Situations of violence, falling short of armed conflicts: Many IDPs live in situations of internal tensions or disturbances. The terms â€Å"internal tensions and disturbances† refer to situations which fall short of armed conflict, but involve the use of force and other repressive measures by Training on the Protection of IDPs. Examples of tensions and disturbances include riots, such as demonstrations without a concerted plan from the outset, isolated sporadic acts of violence, as opposed to military operations carried out by armed forces or armed groups, and violent ethnic onflicts not amounting to full armed conflict. Violations of human rights: They include government transgressions of the rights guaranteed by national, regional and international human rights law, and acts and omissions directly attributable to the state involving the failure to implement legal obligations from human rights standards. One could argue that the concept of â€Å"persecution†, usually used in the context of refugee movements, coincides at least partly 6 http://www. brook. edu/idp,Borton et al. 2005, Holbrooke 2000, OCHA 2003 5 ith situations of human rights violations: threat to life or freedom because of race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership of a particular social group. Other serious human rights violations, for the same reasons, would also constitute persecution Disasters: These have natural or human-made origins. Examples include droughts, floods, earthquakes or typhoons, nuclear disasters or famine. Victims of disasters are covered by the definition, as they too might become victims of discrimination and other human rights violations because of their displacement. Natural or man-made disasters are also included because in some disasters governments respond by discriminating against or neglecting certain groups of victims on political or ethnic grounds or by violating their rights in other ways. Other: Other possible causes of internal Displacement can for instance include largescale development projects such as dams built without any government attempt to resettle or compensate those displaced. The definition does not encompass persons who migrate for economic reasons. However, persons forced to flee from their homes because of economic injustice and marginalization tantamount to systematic violations of economic rights would come under the definition. Behind economic measures, affecting a person? s livelihood there may be racial, religious or political aims or intentions directed against a particular group. IDP populations It is very difficult to get accurate figures for IDPs because populations are constantly fluctuating: some IDPs may be returning home while others are fleeing, others may periodically return to IDP camps to take advantage of humanitarian aid. While the case of IDPs in large camps such as those in Darfur, western Sudan, are relatively well-reported, it is very difficult to assess those IDPs who flee to larger towns and cities. It is necessary 6 in many instances to supplement official figures with additional information obtained from operational humanitarian organizations on the ground. Thus, the 30 million figure must be treated as an estimate. Countries with significant IDP populations: Country Azerbaijan Afghanistan IDP Population 600,000 132,000-200,000 Reason Nagorno-Karabakh War. Fighting between NATO and Taliban-allied fighters. Myanmar 503,000 Internal conflict in Myanmar and government repression of ethnic minorities as well as Cyclone Nargis. The 2003 coup detat and the subsequent civil war The Central African Republic 197,000 Chad Colombia 178,000 The proximity to Darfur and the civil war in eastern Chad The war between the government, the FARC, the AUC and other armed groups The Second Congo War, mostly in the eastern provinces. over 2 million The Democratic Republic of 1,5 million Congo Cyprus 210,000 Intercommoned troubles of 1964 and the 1974 Turkish invasion and 7 their aftermaths. Georgia 220,000 300,000 Displacement of the ethnic Georgian population who have fled Abkhazia and South Ossetia The January 2010 Haiti earthquake. Haiti 1. 5 million Iraq 2. 5 million Forced displacement during Saddam Husseins regime, and fighting between the Multi-National Force and Iraqi insurgent groups Kasmir and other internal conflict. India About 150,000 Indonesia 200,000 350,000 Fighting between the government and secessionist rebel movements. Displaced Bedouins, most of whom are Arab citizens of Israel The violence that rocked the country after the 2007 elections. Israel Kenya 10,000 250,000 Mexico 25,000 1. 6 million The war on drugs. Palestinian territories 150,000 -420,000 Pakistan 400,000 Philippines about 300,000 Ongoing conflicts in three regions of Pakistan Fighting between the government and communist and Islamic rebels. Uncertainty Somalia 1 million Civil war 8 Sri Lanka Sudan 250,000 300,000 5 6 million Fighting between LTTE and Sri Lanka Army Decades of civil war in the south and the Darfur conflict in the west. Uganda 869,000 Zimbabwe 560,000 960,000 The insurgency of the Lords Resistance Army Political violence, economic collapse of the country. Internally displaced people in south Asia: South Asia is one of the most conflict-prone regions in the world and internal displacement is a fact of life. In the past year, South Asians have had to face up to a longstanding reality that thousands of people are displaced within their country because of circumstances they cannot control as a consequence of an upsurge of fighting in two conflicts, the Sri Lankan Army? campaign against Tiger strongholds and the Pakistan Army? s campaign against the Taliban. 7 IDPs in South Asia Country Bangladesh India Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka 7 Estimate 60,000-500,000 500,000 -800,000 50,000-70,000 1. 25 million Over 500,000 Swarna Rajagopalan: Gender Violence, Conflict, Internal Displacement And Peacebuilding Peace Prints: South Asian Journal of Peacebuilding, Vol. 3, No. 1: Spring 2010 9 Background study: The Intern al Displacement Monitoring Centre estimates that at least 30 million people were displaced at the end of 2012. South Asia alone has around 3. 5 million of these. The numbers are also likely to be much higher in reality. Typically news reports cover flight after conflict or disasters. Displacement as a result of development projects whether it is infrastructure construction like roads or dams or the purchase of land for setting up special economic zones, is largely undocumented. 8 It is important to note that they do not cross a border; there are no international treaties or conventions that protect IDPs. Moreover, international organizations working with other displaced populations are at a disadvantage working to provide for the needs of the internally displaced. The Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement are not legally binding and states may or may not use them as a reference point in framing their own policies and actions. In the absence of laws or frameworks based on the Guiding Principles, the internally displaced are by and large not recognised as a population with special needs. Causes and consequence: Discrimination against minorities, religious and ethnic hatred, state repression, demands for self-determination, famines, floods and Ill-conceived development projects have contributed to massive internal displacement in South Asia. For the most part victims are unable to cross borders and are forced to live within a regime that created the occasion for their displacement in the first place. All South Asian states consider internal displacement to be an internal matter. National policies emphasize welfare and do not recognise the rights set out in the Guiding Principles. There is little Acknowledgement that IDPs are citizens – with the concomitant entitlements that citizenship brings. In no 8 Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Global statistics: IDP country figures, 2012, http://www. nternaldisplacement. org/8025708F004CE90B 10 state in South Asia is land recognised as a fundamental right, thus making it very easy to displace people. Policies which were intended to be pro-poor today work in favour of the rich and the powerful. Policymakers and the general public only became aware of the extent of internal displacement in South Asia in the 1990s. As internal displacement accelerated, governments acro ss South Asia established national human rights commissions but their mandates were limited. India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka have tried to develop national IDP mechanisms. However, policies are not sensitive to the needs of all the disadvantaged sections of the population and often selectively benefit favored groups of IDPs. IDPs in Bangladesh: Bangladesh has witnessed a rapid growth in the number of IDPs over the last forty two years after achieving victory in the liberation war of 1971. It is often said that the state of Bangladesh was born with displaced people. Almost one third of the population was dislocated during the liberation war. However, the processes through which internally displaced people are generated have become much more diversified and complex over these years. Due to environmental crisis,ethnic conflict, even economic or political reasons people found themselves to be displaced Categories The categories of IDPs refer to the Causes of displacement. There is no clear and recent information on the current scale of internal displacement in Bangladesh but numerous reports suggest that there are many reasons for displacement. One of them appears to be poor management of the over-population of the plains, lack of enforcement of laws, environmental pollution, lack of moderation and compromise between majorities and minorities. 9 9 The Internally Displaced People of Bangladesh: A Background Paper Mohammad Sajjadur Rahman ¦ 11 ? ? ? ? Displacement due to change Climates Displacement due to Conflict Displacement due to communal violence Displacement due to the Vested Property act Now Bangladesh needs to recognize the severity of the crisis associated with IDPs. There is a lack of understanding regarding the special needs of such category of people. Therefore, concerted effort is needed from the government as well as civil society and media to comprehend the problems of IDPs and to find alternative ways to provide sufficient assistance to the most affected. IDPs in India: Ever since independence in 1947 the Indian state has been committed to an ideology of „development? and „modernisation? which has led to state-led construction of dams, transport links and urban infrastructure. Soon agitations spread to urban renewal schemes, highway making, steel plants, mining and the ecological ravages of the prawn industry. Significant numbers of Indians have also been displaced by conflict. Lack of regional or national mechanisms has meant that different groups of IDPs are treated differently according to which Indian state they live in and their caste/ethnic status. Kashmiri Pundits – the estimated 350,000 Hindus displaced as a result of the ongoing conflict in the Kashmir Valley – receive assistance of around $40/month while the 300,000 IDPs displaced in northeastern India – including Santhals and members of other adivasi („scheduled/ tribal? ) communities – get almost nothing. Many continue to live in makeshift camps, unable to access health and education services, effectively abandoned by the government. Adivasis – around 7. 5% of India? s population – are a disproportionate segment of India? s IDP population. They make up 40% of the estimated 33 million people displaced by development projects. 10 10 Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group (www. mcrg. ac. in) 12 Approach to overcome: Discussion of a draft IDP policy continued for two decades and it was only in 2004 that a National Rehabilitation Policy for Project Affected Families (NPRR) was passed with minimal debate. NPPR only applies to those displaced due to development projects and is primarily meant to safeguard the interests of resource-poor landless agricultural laborers, forest dwellers, artisans and advisory groups. IDPs in Srilanka: By 1995, the number of people internally displaced by the Tamil- Sinhalese conflict in Sri Lanka had topped a million. A ceasefire in 2002 saw the number of IDPs decline but the tsunami on 26 December 2004 and the resumption of hostilities between the Sri Lankan government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam (LTTE) have led to new displacement. The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) estimates that 200,000 people have been displaced since January 2006 and that IDP numbers are again in excess of half a million. Approach: Throughout the conflict no ministry has had overall responsibility for IDP welfare and there are no comprehensive policies or guidelines on displacement. A range of departments, ministries and aid agencies have taken responsibility for relief, protection and assistance. Administrative practices have been subject to whimsical changes and food entitlements have often been arbitrarily cut. In June 2002 the government adopted a National Framework for Relief, Rehabilitation and Reconciliation to provide a common strategy for needs assessment, planning and delivery of assistance. 13 Displaced tsunami survivors have been more successful in accessing resources. Houses, albeit of poor quality, were built in record time and compensation payments made. Conflict-affected IDPs were upset by the differential treatment, especially as their monthly food rations were less than those given to tsunami survivors. UNHCR officials are aware of discrepancy of provision but there is little they can do. Tough times lie ahead for Sri Lanka? s war-affected IDPs. IDPs in Nepal: It is estimated that up to 200,000 people have been internally displaced in Nepal by ten years of war, which has claimed more than 13,000 lives and affected all districts of the country. The war has also thrown hundreds of thousands of people onto the road to India – a traditional migration route for Nepalese. The government announced policies for IDPs in 1999 and made local civil servants responsible for registering displaced people. However, hardly any did so. No accurate displacement figures are available since movements have not been monitored and no comprehensive registration has taken place. As a consequence of a biased governmental IDP definition, the majority of IDPs have been excluded from assistance and the „IDP? term has become a pejorative label designating a small group of displaced closely linked to the state. This makes future registrations as well as assessments of the scope of displacement very difficult. Hardly any IDPs have returned home, despite the ceasefire and conclusion of a peace agreement in November 2006. Plans to provide fertilisers, seeds, health care, food for work, security and temporary shelter have been half-hearted. 11 11 www. internal-displacement. org 14 The way forward South Asia needs a paradigm shift. Programmes for rehabilitation and care for IDPs must fall within the framework of rights and justice, not those of humanitarian needs and welfare. Governments have to recognise that they cannot give aid to one group of IDPs and deny it to others. They need to acknowledge the reality that the bulk of conflictor development-induced IDPs are adivasi, lower caste, rural and urban poor and/or women. Although national policies on IDPs are flawed, it must be acknowledged that governments are belatedly developing IDP policies as a result of popular activism, research and the work of national human rights commissions. These are moves in the right direction. In West Bengal, a self-avowed leftist state in India, recent activism by potential IDP and civil society partners has forced the state government to rethink the process of acquiring agricultural land for industry and to engage in dialogue with the people who are to be displaced concerning compensation for lost land. Unless the situation of IDPs is addressed and justice achieved, there will be no lasting peace in South Asia. 12 The rights of internally displaced persons IDPs are entitled to enjoy, equally and without discrimination, the same rights and freedoms under international and national law as do other persons in their country. International law does not specifically address the plight of IDPs, but this does not mean that they are not protected under the law. In fact, the following three bodies of law provide a comprehensive legal framework for protection in all situations of internal displacement, including during armed conflict: ? International human rights law; ? International humanitarian law; and ? International criminal law. 12 IDP protection at the national level in South Asia by Paula Banerjee([emailprotected] ac. in) 15 IDPs are entitled to enjoy, equally and without discrimination, the same rights and freedoms under international and domestic law as do other persons in their country. As citizens or habitual residents1 of their country, IDPs remain entitled to full and equal protection under the State? s national law, which should be compatible with the State? s obligations under international law. The challenge for international agencies, NGOs, and States has been to identify the rights and guarantees dispersed in the rich body of international law that respond to the particular needs and protection risks that arise during displacement. A global advocate for IDPs: The Representative of the Secretary-General on the Human Rights of Internally Displaced Persons, who reports to the United Nations Human Rights Council and United Nations General Assembly, engages in dialogue and advocacy with governments and other actors concerning the rights of IDPs, and works to strengthen the international response to internal displacement. Activities include:13 ? promoting the rights of IDPs as articulated in the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement; ? engaging governments and other actors on specific situations of internal displacement and the human rights of IDPs, including by undertaking country visits; and ? sponsoring national and regional seminars and undertaking research on issues related to internal displacement. 13 http://ap. ohchr. org/documents/dpage_e. aspx? m=71 16 Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement In the 1990s the need for international standards for the protection of internally displaced persons (IDPs) became apparent when the number of people uprooted within their own countries began to soar. Concern over the vulnerability of IDPs led the UN Commission on Human Rights to ask the Representative on IDPs, Francis Deng, to examine the extent to which existing international law provides adequate coverage for IDPs (1992), and to develop an an appropriate framework for IDPs (1996). Accordingly, the Representative, with the support of a team of international legal experts, formulated the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, which were presented to the Commission in 1998. 14 Content In line with international human rights and humanitarian law, and with refugee law by analogy, the 30 principles set out the rights and guarantees relevant to the protection of IDPs in all phases of displacement, providing protection against arbitrary displacement; protection and assistance during displacement; and during return or internal resettlement and reintegration. The principles provide guidance to all relevant factors: the Representative in carrying out his mandate; states when faced with the phenomenon of internal displacement; all other authorities (including de facto authorities), groups and persons in their relations with IDPs; and inter-governmental and non-governmental organizations. The principles establish that IDPs must not be discriminated against simply because of their displacement, or because of their race, sex, language, religion, social origin or other similar factors. 4 http://www. brookings. edu/fp/projects/idp/resources/gpsenglish. pdf 17 The principles restate the right not to be arbitrarily displaced and prohibit displacement on ethnic, religious or racial grounds. The principles reaffirm that national authorities have the obligation to ensure that IDPs basic rights to food, water, shelter, dignity and safety are met. They should accept the assistance of the international community where they do not have the capacity to pr ovide assistance and protection to IDPs. IDPs have also the right to seek asylum in another country. In the return phase, the principles emphasize the importance of voluntary and safe return, as well as the need to assist the displaced to recover their property and possessions. Solution to IDPs Adapting national policies and legislation to the UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement. The Guiding Principles are based on existing human rights and humanitarian law treaties and conventions. Most countries with an IDP population have ratified them and are therefore bound to respect the rights and freedoms contained therein. Standards provided under the Guiding Principles mostly specify provisions of such treaties and conventions to adapt them to the problems faced by IDPs. Hence, the Guiding Principles should be understood not as a layer of completely new international obligations but as a tool to facilitate the application of existing international legal standards. The potential benefits for a nation state of including the Guiding Principles in national legislation are: 18 ? bringing international legal principles closer to ordinary citizens: national law can be invoked more easily than the abstract instruments of international human rights law ? providing for a higher degree of legal certainty and for an environment where „justice is seen to be done? ? clearly demonstrating to the international community a commitment to apply the highest possible standards and to take national ownership of the process ? ncouraging the international community to provide support and assistance for the state? s engagement in protecting the rights of the displaced There is, therefore, no reason why the inclusion of the Guiding Principles into national policies or legislation should not become a standard procedure for all countries with an IDP situation. Conclusion The Guiding Principles have moved beyond an advocacy tool to attract the attention of donors to wards a common platform for national and international action taken on behalf of the internally displaced. However, cultural differences, divergent perceptions of human rights policy and implementation mechanisms, historic backgrounds, conflict and natural disasters are among the factors that could thwart further progress. The establishment of IDP policies or legislation must therefore be seen as complementing efforts by governments and the international community to establish effective parameters for addressing country-specific political, legal and economic aspects. 19